EICHENBAUM Boris Mikhailovich (1886-1959, Leningrad), a literary historian, Ph.D. (philology) in 1918. Living in St. Petersburg from 1905, he studied at the Army Medical Academy and P. F. Lesgaft's Free Higher School and graduated from Petersburg University with a major in history and philology in 1914. He was a teacher at the university in 1914-48, promoted to Professor in 1918. He also worked at the Institute of Art History in 1920-31 and the Institute of Russian Literature from 1934. Persecuted during the struggle against cosmopolitism, he was dismissed from both the university and institute in 1948. He returned to the Institute of Russian Literature in 1956 to work there until his dying day. He became a member of the Union of Writers of the USSR in 1934. In 1918, he was a member of the Society for Studying Poetic Language. He was one of the founders of the so-called formal school in the study of literature. Author of works on the history of Russian literature of the 19th century, he founded the Soviet school of textual study. He annotated and edited collected works by a number of Russian classical writers. He lived at 9 Griboedova Canal Embankment in 1930s and 8 Malaya Posadskaya Street from 1945. Buried at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery.

References: Бялый Г. А. Б. М. Эйхенбаум - историк литературы // Эйхенбаум Б. М. О прозе: Сб. ст. Л., 1969. С. 5-20; Шкловский В. Б. Борис Эйхенбаум // Избранное: В 2 т. М., 1983. Т. 2. С. 7-35; Якобсон Р. Борис Михайлович Эйхенбаум // Эйхенбаум Б. М. "Мой временник...": Худож. проза и избр. ст. 20-30-х гг. СПб., 2001. С. 597-605.

D. I. Raskin.

ERSHOV Ivan Vasilievich (1867-1943), opera singer (dramatic tenor), chamber singer, director, and teacher. People's artist of the USSR in 1938 and Ph.D. (Arts History) in 1941. He graduated from St. Petersburg's Conservatory in 1893 as a student of S. I. Gabel. He was, periodically, a soloist of Mariinsky Theatre until 1929, making his debut in C. Gounod's Faust and Romeo and Juliet. One of the most prominent representatives of the Russian vocal school, he was also gifted as a drama actor, performing his best in roles of Sobinin and Finn in M. I. Glinka's Ivan Susanin and Ruslan and Lyudmila, respectively; Grishka Kuterma, Sadko, and Mikhailo Tucha in N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov's Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia, Sadko, and Maid of Pskov; and Tahnhaeuser, Tristan, Lohengrin, and Siegfreid in R. Wagner's operas. He sang about 55 tenor parts, including Jose in J. Bizet's Carmen, Othello in G. Verdi's Othello, Johann von Leiden in G. Meyerbeer's Prophet, Samson in C. Saint-Saens's Samson and Delilah, and Orest in S. I. Taneev's Oresteia. A professor of Petrograd (Leningard) Conservatory from 1916 to 1941, he took part in founding the Conservatory's Opera Studio (today, the Opera and Ballet Theatre) to become its art director and produced a number of performances. He lived at 4 Gorokhovaya Street in 1931-41 (memorial plaque). Evacuated, he died in Tashkent, his remains were reburied in the Necropolis of Artists in 1956. Ershov's name was given to a class in the Conservatory.

Reference: Иван Васильевич Ершов: Статьи. Воспоминания. Письма. Л.; М., 1966; Гозенпуд А. А. Иван Ершов: Жизнь и сценич. деятельность: Исслед. Л., 1986.

E. V. Tretyakova.

FELTEN Yury Matveevich (Georg Friedrich) (1730 -1801, St. Petersburg), architect, professor of the Academy of Fine Arts (from 1775; from 1785 a Council member, in 1789-94 director), State Counsellor (1784). Representative of early Neoclassicism, some of his projects revealed pre-romantic tendencies. Studied at St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1740-45), in Tuebingen University, Germany (1745-50); in 1750-52, did service as an architectural assistant at the Academy of Sciences, where he continued his studies under architect I.Y. Schumacher. In 1754-62, worked under the guidance of F.B. Rastrelli (from 1760 became one of his main assistants, including with the construction of the Winter Palace). In (1762-84) Chief Architect of the Buildings Chancellery, Court Architect, was conferred the title of Professor of Architecture (1772). Supervised the construction work of the first stone embankments on the Neva River (Dvortsovaya Embankment, 1763-73; Angliiskaya Embankment, 1770-88), designed the Nevsky grille for the Summer Garden (1771-84, jointly with P.E. Egorov). His other projects in St. Petersburg include: Alexander Institute (1765-75; 3 Smolny Street), the Great (Old) Hermitage (1771-87), St. Catherine's Lutheran Church, Armenian Church, St. Anna's Lutheran Church, the Nativity of St. John the Baptist Church, Chesme Palace, Chesme Church (the two latter are conceived in the spirit of pseudo-Gothic), passage-gallery over the Winter Canal (1783). Velten directed the construction of the monument to Peter the Great (see the Bronze Horseman) and redevelopment of Peter’s Square (now Decembrist Square) (1782). In Peterhof: the Sun Fountain in the Lower Park (1772-76); reconstruction of the Great Palace interiors. In Catherine Park in Tsarskoe Selo: the Gothic cast-iron gates (1770-80), the Ruin-tower (1771-73), the Chinese Pavilion (1778-82), the Zubovsky wing of Catherine Palace. He constructed the building of the lapidary factory (1777). In 1773-84, he lived in a house of his own design (20 Moika River Embankment, has not survived).

Reference: Коршунова М. Ф. Юрий Фельтен. Л., 1988; Ее же. Юрий Фельтен // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XVIII век. СПб., 1997. С. 465-526; Коренцвит В. А. Дом Ю. М. Фельтена на Мойке // Краеведческие записки: Исслед. и материалы. СПб., 2000. Вып. 7. С. 201-206.

V. A. Frolov.

GARIN N. (real name Mikhailovsky Nikolay Georgievich) (1852, St. Petersburg - 1906, ibidem). Writer, railway engineer. Graduated from Railway Engineering Institute (1878; today University of Lines of Communication, 9 Moscow Avenue - memorial plaque). He carried out research and construction works in Bessarabia, Transcaucasia, Ural, Siberia, and the Far East, in the Middle Russia, Crimea and Korea. He rarely visited St. Petersburg, but was involved in its public and literary life. In 1891 he bought the right to publish Russkoe Bogatstvo journal, was engaged in its editorship (until 1899). Stayed in Tsarskoe Selo at his sisters', in Oranzhereinaya Street, Kolpinskaya Street and Leontyevskaya Street. The trip to Tsarskoe Selo by rail train, made in the 1890s, is depicted in Garin-Mikhailovsky's short story Affairs. Garin-Mikhailovsky's main work is autobiographical tetralogy (Tema's Childhood, Gymnasia Pupils, Students, Engineers) - an analytical story-exploration of four epochs of a man and his generation's life. The Students is set in St. Petersburg. Garin died of heart failure at editors' meeting of Marxist journal Vestnik Zhizni, in publishing of which he took part. Buried at Literatorskie Mostki.

References: Бунатян Г. Г. Город муз: Лит. памят. места г. Пушкина. СПб., 2001. С. 198-207.

A. B. Muratov.

GLINKA Mikhail Ivanovich (1804-1857), composer. Lived in St. Petersburg from 1817; in 1818-22, studied at the Noble Boarding School of the Main Pedagogical Institute (164 Fontanka River Embankment). Glinka's tutor was W.K. Kuchelbecker. He studied piano under J. Field and K. Mayer, and violin under the first violinist of F. Behm's Court Orchestra. In 1824-28, he served in the Chancellory of the Council of the Main Department for Transport Communication (9 Moskovsky Avenue). Visited the Bolshoy Theatre, attended concerts by P.I. Yushkov's orchestra, and the salons of F.P. Lvov and A.F. Lvov (4/7 Pochtamtskaya Street), E.K. Sivers (10 Pochtamtskaya Street), V.F. Odoevsky, the Vielgorskys, A.A. Delwig, and becoming acquainted with V.A. Zhukovsky, Alexander Pushkin and A. Mickiewicz. Began composing music, playing and singing his compositions any time he was given the opportunity, and published small plays and romances. In 1830-34, he toured across Europe. In 1834-44, with breaks, he again lived in St. Petersburg. He took advantage of his reputation as the first ethnic Russian musician, and went on to compose and stage classical operas: A Life for the Tsar (to E.F. Rosen's libretto, premiered on 27 November 1836, the birthday of Emperor Nicholas I at the solemn reopening of the Bolshoy Theatre after reconstruction due to fire) and Ruslan and Ludmila (V.F. Shirkov's libretto, premiered on 27 November 1842, also at the Bolshoy Theater). In 1837-39, he served as Kapellmeister of the Court Capella. It was in that period he came together with A.S. Dargomyzhsky, entered Zhukovsky's circle, gave performances at court and, having married, held his own musical evenings. In the late 1830s, he became friends with the Kukolnik brothers, wrote music to N. V. Kukolnik's tragedy Prince Kholmsky (1841), his romance Doubt, and a vocal cycle called Farewell to St. Petersburg to his poem. Composed sacred music, drafted "motif du chant national" (in 1992-2001 it became Russian Federation's national anthem), and dedicated a romance to Pushkin's verse I Remember the Wonderful Moment (1840) to the daughter of A.P. Kern, Ekaterina. In 1844, he left Russia, visiting St. Petersburg in 1848-49, 1851-52 and 1854-56. In 1850, at a charity concert at the Noble Assembly for the Poor Aid Society, Glinka's symphonic compositions - Recuerdos de Castilla (which later became A Night in Madrid), Jota Aragonesa and Kamarinskaya - were performed for the first time in the composer's absence. In 1851, Glinka acquired fame as the first Russian symphonic composer. During his last Petersburg period, Glinka's circle of friends underwent some changes. V.P. Engelgardt, to whom Glinka presented all his manuscripts, became his close friend; Glinka also became friends with D.V. Stasov and V.V. Stasov, with A.N. Serov, and frequented O.I. Senkovsky's residence. In the winter of 1854/55, he finished his Notes. His final large musical composition written in St. Petersburg was the third orchestral version of Waltz-Fantasy, which was performed for the first time at D. M. Leonova's concert given at the Alexandrinsky theatre in the spring of 1856. Glinka is the first Russian classic composer, and is considered the creator of the national Russian opera and Russian symphonic music. Odoevsky and Serov, the best of Glinka's critics, wrote many articles about his music and artistic credo during Glinka's lifetime. In the 1930s, the opera A Life for the Tsar, based on the Romanovs' family myth about the miraculous escape of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, was rewritten as a people's tragedy (new text written by S.M. Gorodetsky) and from 1939 to the beginning of the 1990s it was performed under the name Ivan Susanin. Glinka rented a new flat almost every year. The majority of the buildings where he lived have not been preserved. In 1828-29 and in 1851-52, he rented a flat at the corner of Nevsky Prospect and Vladimirsky Avenue (2/49); in 1836-37 and in 1840-41 at the corner of Fonarny Lane and Glukhoy Lane (today Pirogova Street; building 8/3; memorial plaque installed); in 1837-39 he lived in the flat of the Capella (20 Moika River Embankment); and in 1841-1842 lived at 16 Bolshaya Meschanskaya (today Kazanskaya) Street. In 1848-49 he stayed with his son-in-law V.I. Fleri, director of School for the Deaf and Mute at the corner of Gorokhovaya Street and Moika River Embankment (54/18); in 1854-56 he lived on Ertelev Lane (today 7 Chekhova Street; memorial plaque installed). Originally buried in Berlin, his remains were moved in 1857 to the Tikhvinskoe Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (today the Necropolis of Artists ). On 8 March 1857, the Philharmonic Society organized a memorial concert to Glinka at the Noble Assembly. The State Academic Capella, the Small Hall of the Philharmonic (with a monument on the staircase) and a street close to the Mariinsky Theatre have been named after Glinka. In 1906, a monument to Glinka was opened on Teatralnaya Square near the Conservatory (sculptor R.R. Bach, architect A. R. Bach); a bronze bust (sculptor V.P. Pashchenko, architect A.S. Lytkin) was mounted in 1899 in the Alexandrovsky Garden. The All-Russian (previously All-Union) Glinka Vocal Competition has been held since 1960.

Works: Literary Heritage: in two volumes. Leningrad; Moscow, 1952-1953.

References: Глинка в воспоминаниях современников. М., 1955; Орлова А. А. Глинка в Петербурге. Л., 1970.

A. L. Porfiryeva.

GOGEN Alexander Ivanovich von (1856-1914, Petrograd), architect, member of the Academy of Architcture (1895). He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts (1883). Among his early works, there are mansions of N.K. Vadbolskaya (10 Ninth Line of Vasilievsky Island, 1886-88), of F.G. Kozlyaninova (currently 12 Pisareva Street, 1891-92), of K.A. Vargunin (52 Furshtatskaya Street, 1896-99) typical for classical Eclecticism and marked by the use of plastics and asymmetric composition. The mansion of A.I. Chernov (currently 72 Oktyabrskaya Embankment, 1889-93) characterized by picturesque silhouette and dynamic asymmetry of shapes, the house of I.A. Zheverzheev (18/5 currently Rubinsteina Street, 1899), the Memorial Museum of A.V. Suvorov ( 43 Kirochnaya Street, 1901-04, with participation of the architect G.D. Grimm) are designed in the Neo-Russian style. Rational methods combined with classical order shapes are peculiar to the buildings of the Grant cash desk and the Savings-Bank (74 and 78 Fontanka River Embankment, 1898-1900, in collaboration with the architect A.A. Bertels and R.P. Golenishchev) and of Nikolaevskaya Academy of the General Staff (32 Suvorovsky Avenue, 1900-01). Conversion to the Art Nouveau is apparent in the houses of D.I. Mendeleev (26 Bolshaya Pushkarskaya Street, 1900-01) and of the Kozlyaninovs (10 Pisareva Street, 1908). The climax of creative work by Gogen is the Kschessinska Mansion, a prime example of St. Petersburg Art Nouveau. Gogen participated in the creation of the Monument Stereguschemu and Cathedral Mosque. He is an author of a number of buildings in the Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk and other cities. He taught at the Central school of Technical Drawing (1892-97), at Nikolaevskaya Engineering Academy (1893-1908), at the College of Civil Engineers (1898-1914). He was the architect of the imperial court (as of 1903). He established the Society of Architectural Artists. He lived at 27 Furshtatskaya Street, 18/5 Troitskaya (currently, Rubinsteina) Street, at 136 Nevsky Prospect. He is buried at Smolensky Orthodox Cemetery (tombstone has not survive).

References: Кириков Б. М. Александр фон Гоген // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, ХIХ - начало ХХ века. СПб., 1998. С. 562-577; Кириков Б. М., Штиглиц М. С. Петербург немецких архитекторов: От барокко до авангарда. СПб., 2002. С. 282-290.

Б. М. Кириков.

GORNOSTAEV Alexey Maximovich (1808-1862, St. Petersburg), architect, teacher, representative of the Neo-Russian style, member of the academy (1838), professor of the Academy of Fine Arts (from 1849), college Advisor (1859). From 1825, he lived in St. Petersburg working under the supervision of V.P. Stasov in Tsarskoye Selo. In 1829-31, he was the architectural student of the palace administration in Tsarskoye Selo. In 1831-34, he was an assistant of A. P. Bryullov in the construction of Mikhailovsky Theatre. Having received the title of free artist in 1834, Gornostaev spent four years in Italy. In 1838-40, he was a junior architect on the reconstruction of the Winter Palace. At that time he started carrying out his own architectural projects: the estate of the Count Orlov-Denisov in Kolomyagi (1839-41), reconstruction of the house of A. F. Shishmarev (1840-41, 3 Nevsky Prospect.) From 1843, he was an architect of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as of 1845, of the Chapter of Orders. He was the author of a number of churches and chapels in Neo-Russian style at Valaam Monastery, the monasteries of Old and New Ladoga; he designed church interiors (churches in the building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1856, in Mikhailovksy Palace, 1859, in the house of Countess Protasova, 1860, the St. Andrew Cathedral, 1858). His main works in St. Petersburg are: Metochion of St. Sergius’ Trinity Monastery (1856-57, 44 Fontanka River Embankment), the Chapel of Guslitsky Monastery on Nevsky Prospect (1860-61, has not survived), the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh shaped as a Byzantine basilica, the holy gates and two chapels in St. Sergius Trinity Monastery in Strelna were not implemented. The projects of the Holy Assumption Church on Sennaya Square and the Church on Smolenskoe Cemetery were not implemented. He was buried at Holy Trinity & St. Sergius Hermitage.

References: Стасов В. В. А. М. Горностаев // Вестн. изящ. искусств. 1888. Т. 6, вып. 6. С. 439-480; Тыжненко Т. Е. Алексей Горностаев // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XIX - начало XX века. СПб., 1998. С. 325-340.

В. В. Антонов.

GUMILEV Lev Nikolaevich (1912, Tsarskoe Selo - 1992, St. Petersburg), orientalist, ethnographer, Ph.D. (Doctor of Historical Sciences, 1961; and Geographical Sciences, defended his thesis in 1974, academic degree not confirmed by the Higher Degrees Commission). Son of N.S. Gumilev and A.A. Akhmatova. From 1929, he lived in Leningrad, worked on geological expeditions (1931-34). In 1934-38, Gumilev studied at the Historical Faculty of the Leningrad State University, taking an external degree in 1946. He was subjected to repression on series political charges (1935, 1938-43, 1949-56). In 1944-45, he served in the Soviet Army, taking part in several battles. In 1946-47 he was a post-graduate student of the Institute of Oriental Studies, and in 1949 a researcher for the State Ethnographic Museum of the Peoples of the USSR. In 1956-62, he worked as a librarian at the Hermitage. In 1962-86, he worked at the Geography Scientific Research Institute (NII) of the Leningrad State University, lecturing at the University's Geographical Faculty. Author of works on the history and ethnography of Turkish people (Huns, Khazars), Mongols, and Slavs. Subscribed to the idea of Eurasianism, studying the history of Russia in the context of the history of Eurasian plains peoples. Put forth the theory of ethnogenesis, the formation and development of an ethnos, which defines an ethnos as a biosocial formation that undergoes a number of stages in its development. In 1990-92, he lived at 15/1 Kolomenskaya Street (memorial plaque installed). Buried at the Nikolskoe Cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

References: Лавров С. Б. Лев Гумилев: Судьба и идеи. М., 2000.

A. Y. Chistyakov.

Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William) (1753-1832), architect. Native of Switzerland, in 1784 he came to Russia by invitation of C. Cameron, settling in Tsarskoye Selo on Angliiskaya Street. In 1792 he was hired as an architect for the developed of plans for "example" houses approved by the Empress Catherine II. In 1795-99, he served in the south of Russia. In September 1803-February 1805 he was an architect of Izhorsky factories, he projected a number of industrial and administrative buildings, including the building of the factory office (1803-04), the stone factory dyke on the Izhora River (early 19th century, in collaboration with K.K. Gaskoiny). In 1806-18 Politseisky (now Narodny), Krasny, Siny, Potseluev bridges (see respective articles) were built in St. Petersburg to his designs. For the first time in Russian practice, arched bridges made of cast-iron "baskets" (tubings) connected by bolts were constructed. The project of Politseisky Bridge was considered a perfect example and became a standard design. As of 1808, Hastie was the city architect of Tsarskoye Selo, he made a complex plan of its buildings which became the example for provincial Russian towns, and he constructed a complex of the hospital buildings, Murgent's Court, Laundress' Yard, Material Yard, bath houses and residential houses. The following buildings based on his designs can still be seen today: the House for Palace Administration 8 Leontyevskaya Street, 1-3 Srednyaya Street), a building complex for the Police Administration (28 Leontyevskaya Street), the house of Kanobio (15 Leontyevskaya Street). He is the author of albums: Locks, bridges, and houses (1806?), plans for cast-iron bridges on the Moika (1807), buildings for Tsarskoye Selo town (1809), The anthology of facades of His Emperial Majesty approved for private buildings in the cities of the Russian Empire (1809, in collaboration with L. Rusca and V. P. Stasov), Division of city quarters into residential areas (1811), etc. He is buried at Kazanskoye Cemetery in the Tsarskoe Selo (the tombstone has not survived).

References: Коршунова М. Ф. Архитектор В. Гесте // Тр. / Гос. Эрмитаж. Л., 1977. № 18. С. 132-143; Соминич Г. Е. Архитектор Василий Иванович Гесте в Царском Селе // На рубеже двух эпох, 1801-1825-1825-1855: Тез. докл. Второй Царскосел. науч. конф. СПб., 1996. С. 53-56; Кузнецов С. О. Вильям Гесте // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XIX - начало XX века. СПб., 2000. С. 123-131.

Л. Д. Бурим.

19 October 1829, Sura Village, the Pinezhsky Uyezd, the Arkhangelsk Guberniya – 20 December 1908, Kronstadt.
A priest, oreacher and philanthropist, Saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. He was descended from a family of clergymen, he was of a son of the religious server I.M. Sergiyev. In 1839–1845 Ivan learned in a parish school in Arkhangelsk and then in the Arkhangelsk religious seminary. In 1851 Ivan graduated from the seminary where he obtaned a distinction and then he was sent to the St. Petersburg Religious Academy where he learned at public cost. Just before the end of studies, he married Elizaveta Nesvitskaya, daughter of an ecclesiarch of the Cathedral of St.Andrew, the First-Called Apostle in Kronstadt. Ivan agreed on the chastity life with his wife. In summer of 1855 Ivan graduated from the Academy and he was conferred the degree of Doctor of Theology and on 10 December of 1855 he was conferred the priest of the Andreyevsky Cathedral. Subsequently he was the permanent senior priest of the Cathedral as an archpriest and chairman of the parish guardianship, he performed the Divine Liturgy in the Cathedral almost every day (the last religious service was on 9 December 1908). He was the lector on the theology in the Kronstadt City School from 1857 during many years, and from 1862 he taught the theology in the classical gymnasium .
In 1872 he made an appeal to the congregation for the foundation of the House of Industry at the parish guardianship of the Andreyevsky Cathedral, in order to give the work for the poor port workers of Kronstadt during the closing of the navigation ( appeal was published in "Kronstadt Herald", 1872, nos. 3 and 18). The House of Industry, which was founded by him (v. the House of Industry in Kronstadt), was opened on 12 October 1882 in Medvezhya Street ( now 7-9 Feigina Street) in the memory of Emperor Alexander II who was assassinated. The House of Industry included up to 15 charity organizations including a people canteen, free medical office, free elementary school with childen's library, drawing classes, orphan shelter and day children shelter, kid shelter and also it included workshops ( for men: a hemp workshop, cap workshop, shoemaking workshop; for women: a fashionable dress workshop, sewing workshop, embroidery workshop . In 1888 according to the initiative of Father Ioann the 3-storey stone house was built as the night shelter and in 1892 at the yard of the House of Industry , the 4-storey building "Hospitability to Strangers" was built where the poor men settled during their pilgrimage to Father Ioann of Kronstadt.
In the 1880s Father Ioann received the fame of the brilliant preacher and the All-Russian great man of prayer, and All-Russia congregation went to Father Ioann for the spiritual help. Up to 80,000 pilgrims visited the Andreyevsky Cathedral in Kronstadt annually and up to 60,000 men performed public prayer in the Cathedral. Father Ioann had the great authority in the Imperial Court. He was summoned to Alexander III dying in Livadia in the autumn of 1894 and he gave communion to Emperor Alexander III on 17 October. His diary "My Life in Christ ", the spiritual-edifying work, was published in 1894, this work was republished repeatedly in subsequent years.
Father Ioann was generous donor, who gave the suzeable part of his maney for charity , he was a honorary member and full member of the number of charitable organizatioins including Society of Care about Poor and Ill Children ("Blue Cross"), Community of Nurses named after St. Elizabeth at the Tsarskoye Selo Charitable Society, Charitable Society at the St. Petersburg City Almshouses, Navy Charitable Society, Society for Care on Poor Men of Army and Navy Clergymen, Novocherkassk Orthodox Brotherhood in the memory of Emperor Alexander III, Charitable Society of Grand Duchess Olga Aleksandrovna, St. Petersburg Society of Homeopath-Physicians, Nicholas Society for Care on Poor men of the Petersburg Side, St. Petersburg Society for Helping Carriers, Tver Charitable Society, St. Petersburg Society"Day Nursery" , Circle for the Patronage of the Working Girls etc., he was an honorary chairman of theChrist Charitable Society Sef -Assistance during the Ilnesses and Woman Circle for the assistance to Damaged Soldiers. Many charitable institutions and their churches were consecrated by Father Ioann.
To the end of his life Father Ioann was awarded the highest Russian orders including the Order of St .Anna, the Order of St. Vladimir and the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, he was a member of the Holy Synod . In the Revolution of 1905-1907 Father Ioann was elected as an honorary member of the Union of Russian People, he consecrated the ensigns and banner of the Union, presented money for its needs.
Father Ioann died at his apartment in 21 Andreyevskaya Street, near the Cathedral in Kronstadt. On 23 December 1908 he was buried in Surskiy (St. Ioann) Monastery in St. Petersburg (49 Karpovka River Embankment), which he founded, in the lower church in the memory of the Prophet Elijah and Tsarina Theodore, patron saints of his parents. In 1923 after the closing of the Monastery, his remains were preserved and then it were hidden under the burial chamber floor in 1926.
In 1910 the Society in the memory of Father Ioann of Kronstadt was founded by the circle of his relatives, friends and comrades-in-arms, the purpose of this society was "to help, spiritually and materially, to the needy people, using the same means as Father Ioann of Kronstadt were used". On 3 June 1964 Father Ioann of Kronstadt was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and he was canonized as Saint at the Council on 7-8 Jule 1990 by the the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Ioann of Kronstadt is regarded as the Patron saint of St. Peresburg. Monument to Father Ioann of Kronstadt, according to the design of the sculptor P.Ivanov, was installed in Kronstadt in 2009.

ISIDOR (born Iakov Sergeevich Nikolsky) (1799-1892, St. Petersburg), religious figure, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857). After graduating from St. Petersburg Theological Academy in 1825, he took monastic vows under the name of Isidor and stayed in the academy as a teacher and librarian. He was elected a Member of Academy Conference in 1827, and was one of the monks of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. In 1829, he was made Archimandrite and Prior of SS. Peter and Paul Monastery of Mtsensk, and President of the Orel Theological Seminary. In 1833, he was appointed President of Moscow Theological Seminary. Isidor successively served as Bishop of Dmitrov and Vicar of Moscow Eparchy from 1834. He was made Bishop of Polotsk and Vilno in 1837, and Bishop of Mogilev in 1840. He was ordained Archbishop in 1841, and became Metropolitan in 1856. In 1844, Isidore assumed the post of Exarch of Georgia and member of the Synod, then the post of Metropolitan of Kiev in 1858. Since 1860, he served as Metropolitan of Novgorod, St. Petersburg and Finland and Prior of Alexander Nevsky Lavra, was the presiding member of the Holy Synod and the Chief Trustee of the Imperial Philantropic Society. Isidor directed the work on the complete translation of the Bible into Russian and contributed to it himself. He founded the Alexander Nevsky House for Care of Impoverished Clergymen and Diocesan School for Women in St. Petersburg in 1869. Isidore cared much about the development of ecclesiastical education and charity; some educational institutions and almshouses founded by him were consequently called Isidor's Institutions. He was also a member of Russian Geographic Society, Russian Archeological Society and other scientific societies. Isidor was buried at St. Isidor Church of Alexander Nevsky Lavra. In 1932, his remains were taken to Nikolskoe cemetery, where a cross was placed on his grave in 1988.

References: Здравомыслов К. Я. Иерархи Новгородской епархии от древнейших времен до настоящего времени: Крат. биогр. очерки. Новгород, 1897. С. 214-224.

A. I. Razdorsky.

KARAMZIN Nikolay Mikhailovich (1766-1826, St. Petersburg), writer, critic, historian, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). He studied in a Moscow Boarding School. In 1782-84 he served with the Guards in St. Petersburg. After retiring he travelled in Europe (1789-90), and then lived mainly in Moscow. He was the founder of Russian sentimentalism. He was the author of Letters of a Russian Traveller, stories: Poor Lisa, Natalya the Boyar's Daughter, Marpha the Governor's Wife, etc., verses, essays, critique, translations. He played an important role in the development of Russian standard language, establishment of new trends in Russian literature, had an influence on V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, A.S.Pushkin. Karamzin's followers and associated formed a friends literature society, Arzamas, while their adversaries, archaists, headed by A.S. Shishkov - Conversations for Lovers of the Russian Word literature society. In 1803 he was appointed a historiographer by Emperor Alexander I and started working on his main work the History of the Russian State, the publication of which (vol. 1-12, 1816-29) was a milestone in the development of Russian science and self awareness. Karamzin was a firm believer in enlightened monarchy, in the early 1810s he argued against M.M. Spiransky's reforms. In 1816 he moved with his family to Tsarskoe Selo, where he was given one of the houses in Chinese Village. Pushkin visited him there as a lyceum pupil. While staying in St. Petersburg in 1816-18 Karamzin lived in E.F. Muravyeva's House (25 Fontanka River Embankment), he spent summer months in Tsarskoe Selo in the Kavalersky Block at 12 Sadovaya Street (1752-53, architect S.I. Chevakinsky; rebuilt in 1784, architect I.V. Neelov). The last Petersburg residence of Karamzin was Mizhuev's House (26 Fontanka River Embankment). Karamzin was a witness of the Decembrist Uprising on 14 December 1825 at Senatskaya Square. Karamzin criticised its participants and organisers for heedlessness, though he endured their fate as a personal tragedy (many of the conspirators were close acquaintances). On the day of the uprising Karamzin caught a cold, which resulted in a severe illness, the latter being fatal for Karamzin. He was buried at the Necropolis of Artists.

References: Эйдельман Н. Я. Последний летописец. М., 1983; Лотман Ю. М. Сотворение Карамзина. М., 1998; Шмидт С. О. Николай Михайлович Карамзин (1766-1826) // Портреты историков: Время и судьбы: В 2 т. М.; Иерусалим, 2000. Т. 1. С. 25-37.

N. L. Korsakova.

9/09/1794-30/09/1855.

His father was Pavel Nikitich Kaverin, the governor of Kaluga, his mother was Anna Petrovna, an illegitimate daughter of Korsakov. Kaverin graduated from the Moscow University boarding school and then he learned at the Moscow University and the Gottingen University (1808-1812). He began to serve as a military commander of the Smolensk Home Guard in 1813. From 1825 Kaverin was in retirement with a rank of lieutenant colonel .
Kaverin was a member of the Union of Prosperity (from 1818).
His Majesty Emperor ordered to keep without attention.
Memorial places :
1816-1819, Barracks of the Life-Guard Hussar Regiment (Pushkin Town, 40-46 Parkovaya Street), he served; he lived in House of Ivan Valkh ( 104 Griboedov Canal Embankment, 104) and in 25 Rimsky Korsakov Prospekt during August -September of 1817.

KERENSKY Alexander Fedorovich (1881-1970), political figure and statesman, lawyer. In 1899, he entered the History and Philology Faculty of Petersburg University; in 1900, he moved to the Faculty of Law; after graduating (1904), he practiced as a defence lawyer, making a name for himself in political cases. In 1905, he was a member of the Aid Society for Victims of Bloody Sunday. Worked as an editor of the Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper Burevestnik. In December 1905, he was arrested on suspicion of affiliation with the militant branch of the Socialists-Revolutionaries (released after a three-month imprisonment). In 1912, he was elected Deputy of the Fourth State Duma, and was a member of its Labour Group (from 1915, it’s Chairman). From 1912, he was a member of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Russia, and a member of the Supreme Council of Russian Masons. During the February Revolution of 1917, he entered the board of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, and was chosen Vice-President of the Petrograd Soviet. On 2 March 1917, he became Minister of Justice for the Provisional Government. In March 1917, joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In May-September 1917, he was Minister of War and Minister of the Navy; from 8 July, he was also the Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government; and from September 30, he was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. In September 1917, he headed the Directory and Third Coalition of the Provisional Government. During the events of October 1917, he joined the Northern Front (Pskov) staff, and with the help of General P. N. Krasnov's Cossack units, attempted to occupy Petersburg, but failed. From 1918, he lived abroad; from 1940, he lived in the USA, where he compiled and an edited a number of publications on the history of the Russian Revolution, and where he wrote his memoir, Russia at a Historic Turning-Point (Moscow, 1993). In St Petersburg, he lived at 23 Zagorodny Avenue.

References: Старцев В. И. Взлет и падение Александра Керенского // Встречи с историей. М., 1987. С. 66-75; Его же. Керенский: шарж и личность // Диалог. М., 1990. №16. С. 76-86; Голиков А. Г. Феномен Керенского // ОИ. 1992. №5. С. 60-73.

V. E. Bagdasarian.

KLYUEV Nikolay Alexeevich (1884-1937), poet, prose writer. Studied in Vytegra Church School, then in the two-class Mining School. His works were published from 1904 onwards. The first verse collections, The Chime of Pine-Trees (1911), dedicated to A.A. Blok and numerous magazine publications gained Klyuev the fame as an original people's poet oriented to North Russian folklore. The stylistic talent of Klyuev became apparent in the collections Brothers' Songs (1912), True Stories of the Wood (1913), Worldly Thoughts (1916), Coppery Whale (1919), Lion's Bread (1922). He paid short visits to St. Petersburg, during one of them, in September of 1911, he had his first personal meeting with Blok (they had previously been in correspondence) and S.M. Gorodetsky; evidently, it was then he also me with N.S. Gumilev and A.A. Akhmatova and his interaction with the founders of the Guild of Poets started (until February 1913). His longest stay in Petrograd was from October 1915 to January 1916, and again until the summer of 1917 (intermittently). This was a period of close friendship with S.A. Esenin (participation in Krasa Literary and Art Association, then - Strada Association, public appearances, etc.) they are credited with the creation of new peasants' poetry. In 1915-18 lived at the flat of his sister K.A. Rasshcheperina (149 Fontanka River Embankment). The years of 1918-22 he spent in Vytegra. In 1923-32 again lived in Petrograd - Leningrad (45 Bolshaya Morskaya Street). Arrested in 1934 in Moscow, served his sentence in Tomsk. There he was again arrested in June 1937 and shortly afterwards executed by shooting.

Reference: Азадовский К. М. Жизнь Николая Клюева: Док. повествование. СПб., 2002.

T. M. Dvinyatina.