POKROVSKY Vladimir Alexandrovich (1871-1931, Leningrad), an architect, master of the early 20th century neo-Russian style. Graduated from the Academy of Arts (1898; Academician of Architecture since 1907, member of the Board of the Academy since 1915). Since 1913 - Architect of Imperial Court. Lectured at the Academy of Arts (1912-18) and the Institute of Civil Engineers (1914-31). Since 1917 - Professor and Dean of the Architecture Faculty for the Women’s Polytechnic Courses. One of the initiators of the Society of Rus Artistic Renascence (1915-1917). Worked in Tsarskoe Selo (Feodor Cathedral, Imperial Railway Pavilion, Quarters of the 3rd Riffle Regiment, etc.). The majority of Pokrovsky's projects were constructed outside St. Petersburg (Nizhny Novgorod, Gus-Khrustalny, Parkhomovka; the memorial temple on the field of honour near Leipzig, etc.). The only work in St. Petersburg is the portal of the Experimental Medicine Institute's library (1911) at 12 Prof. Popova Street. After October of 1917 he was engaged in teaching, took part in the working out of the Volkhovskaya Hydroelectric Power Station project.

References: Кириков Б. М. Академик архитектуры В. А. Покровский: (К 100-летию со дня рождения) // Вестн. ЛГУ. 1972. № 2, вып. 1. С. 149-152.

Y. M. Piryutko.

PUSHKIN Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837, St. Petersburg), poet, prose writer, playwright, historian, journalist. Studied at the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoe Selo (1811-17; memorial plaque; presently a memorial museum). It was the public performing of his ode Remembrances in Tsarskoe Selo at the Lyceum examination, presided by G. R. Derzhavin on 8 January 1815, that Pushkin consideres the beginning of his literary career. Upon graduation from the Lyceum Pushkin served at the Foreign Affairs Collegium. In 1820 was exiled from St. Petersburg to Chisinau (Kishinev), Odessa, subsequently to the village of Mikhailovskoe in the Pskov province. From 1827-31 occasionally visited St. Petersburg (stayed at the Demutov Traktir). In 1831 after marrying Natalia Goncharova moved to St. Petersburg. Pushkin was a member of the Arzamas society, Zelenaya Lampa (Green Lamp) circle; was closely associated with the Free Society for the Friends of the Russian Philology. Pushkin intermingled with numerous literary figures, was acquainted with А. А. Delwig, V. K. Kuchelbecker, P. Y. Chaadaev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. А. Vyazemsky, N. М. Karamzin, Е. А. Baratynsky, K. N. Batyushkov, P. А. Pletnev, N. V. Gogol, А. S. Griboedov and many others. During different periods visited salons of Princess Е. I. Golitsyna, А. N. Olenina, Karamzina's salon, D. F. Fikelmon's salon, Odoevsky's salon, the Wednesdays of Smirnova-Rosset and others. Appeared in the Syn Otechestva, Biblioteka dlya chtenia journals, Polyarnaia Zvezda almanac, Severnye Tsvety almanac and others. Took active part in the publication of the Litaraturnaya Gazeta newspaper; founder of the Sovremennik journal. Pushkin's first book - the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila (1820), first poems collection Poems (1826), a lifetime collection of works - Poems by Alexander Pushkin in four volumes (1829-35), first separate full edition of Evgeny Onegin (1833), The Narratives Published by Alexander Pushkin (1834), Poems and Narratives by Alexander Pushkin in two volumes (1835) and many others were published in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg is considered the city of the poet's early literary fame and the place where his last drama occurred. Pushkin was mortally wounded at a duel in the surroundings of St. Petersburg, in the vicinity of the Chernaya Rechka River [in 1937 an obelisk was erected at the supposed site of the duel (architect А. I. Lapirov, sculptor М. G. Manizer)]. The burial service was read in the Holy Face Church of the Court Stables (1 Konyushennaya Square; memorial plaque). Continuing the traditions of the 18th century, Pushkin harmonically merged diverse genres and styles both in poetry and prose, thus creating a new literature language and a new writing manner, which determined the development of Russian literature in the 19th and 20th centuries. For the first time in Russian literature Pushkin gave a complex, manifold description of St. Petersburg; the poet illustrates the city's past and present, revealing their continuity. The city becomes one of the characters of his works, and the literary phenomenon, later called Petersburg text, is established; it was cultivated in Gogol's, Dostoevsky's works, as well as of other writers. The St. Petersburg theme is closely associated with the evaluation of Peter the Great's reforms (the unfinished novel The Negro of Peter the Great , 1827; The Bowl of Peter the Great, 1835; preparatory material to The History of Peter the Gtreat, 1835; others); the architectural regalia embody the various aspects of Russian history and statehood (see, e.g., Mikhaylovsky Palace as a symbol of tyranny in the ode Freedom 1817, written according to the legend in the house of the A. I. Turgenev and N. I. Turgenev brothers at 20 Fontanka River Embankment); the city's manifold modern life is exposed (the aristocratic, high-society, cultural St. Petersburg in Evgeny Onegin's first chapter, saturated with topographic regalia; an insight into the life of Petersburg outskirts is given in the poem The House in Kolomna, 1830; and others). The image of St. Petersburg is impregnated in The Bronze Horseman with strong symbolic tension (Petersburg Narratives — according to Pushkin's genre definition) (1833; was first published in 1837 after the poet's death with considerable distortions). The explicit apologia of St. Petersburg develops in the poem into the theme of fatal menace and catastrophic downfall of the city over God's elements, the triumph of Peter the Great's historic genius, intellect and his will's creative potency, Russian glory, embodied in the image of St. Petersburg, stand as a rigorous and tragic ordeal measured by the sufferings of an individual. The narrative The Queen of Spades, (1834) with its fantastic atmosphere and a special genuine Petersburg type (Dostoevsky) of character played an important part in the evolution of the Petersburg Text technique in Russian literature (Princess N. P. Golitsina's House at 10 Morskaya Street is traditionally considered the house where Pushkin's old countess lived). Pushkin's Petersburg addresses are: from 1817-20: 185 Fontanka River Embankment (memorial plaque); 1831 - Tsarskoe Selo, Kolpinskaya Street (the town of Pushkin, 2 Pushkinskaya Street; memorial plaque; (today Pushkin summer cottage museum); 1831-32: 53 Galernaya Street (memorial plaque); 1832 — Furshtatskaya Street (the house has not survived, section of house 20); 1832-33: 26 Bolshaya Morskaya Street; 1833-34: 5 Panteleymonovskaya Street (today Pestelya Street), 1834-36 — 32, Frunzenskaya Embankment (today Kutuzova Embankment), (memorial plaque); 1836-37 —12, the Moika River Embankment (memorial plaque; today Pushkin memorial museum-flat). Pushkinskaya Street (since1881) and a number of streets in Pushkinsky, Pavlovsky, Kolpinsky, Kurortny, Krasnoselsky districts are named after Pushkin. In 1937-89 Birzhevaya Square was called Pushkinskaya. The Children's Library, the Russian State Academic Drama Theatre (see Alexandrinsky Theatre), the Russian Literature Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushkin's House), where the poet's manuscript legacy is reposited, a metro station and a number of other objects are also named after Pushkin. In 1937 Detskoe Selo (formerly Tsarskoe Selo) was renamed into Pushkin. See also the article Pushkin's monuments.

References: Гордин А. М., Гордин М. А. Путешествие в пушкинский Петербург. Л., 1983; Осповат А. Л., Тименчик Р. Д. Печальну повесть сохранить...: Об авторе и читателях Медного всадника. М., 1985; Иезуитова Р. В., Левкович Я. Л. Пушкин и Петербург: Страницы жизни поэта. СПб., 1999; Сурат И. З., Бочаров С. Г. Пушкин: Крат. очерк жизни и творчества. М., 2002.

Д. Н. Ахапкин, D. N. Cherdakov.

RADISHCHEV Alexander Nikolaevich (1749-1802, St. Petersburg), writer, court counsellor (1780). In 1762-66 he was educated in the Page Corps. For the next five years he studied at Leipzig University. In 1771-73 he served at the Senate, in 1773-75 he rendered military service. In 1777-80 he held a post in the Collegium of Commerce, to become the assistant director of St. Petersburg custom house in 1780 (the director of the custom house from 1790). In 1774 he frequented the meetings of Masonic lodge Urania. The 1780s came to be the time when his literary activity was the most intense. His works of that time include A Letter to a Friend Living in Tobolsk... (1782), written on the opening of the monument to Peter the Great (the Bronze Horseman), and ode Liberty (1781-83). In 1790 Radishchev published A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow at his home printing press with 650 copies. This book merges various genres and styles, while the journey of the narrator is interpreted as overcoming of social and moral maladies. Empress Catherine II took this book for an act of political assault, which undermined the basis of autocracy. By her order, Radishchev was put into St. Peter and Paul Fortress and condemned to death; later this was commuted to exile to Siberia. In 1796 he was released by order of Emperor Pavel l. After his amnesty in 1801 by Emperor Alexander I, Radishchev returned to St. Petersburg and worked at the Commission on Lawmaking. On the night of September 12 he committed suicide. He was buried at Volkovskoe Orthodox cemetery (the grave was not preserved; memorial plaque). In 1775-90 he occupied his own house at Gryaznaya Street (today 14 Marata Street; memorial plaque), in 1801-02 he lived at present-day 15 Mozhayskaya Street (the house was not preserved). The name of Radischev was attached to a street (former Preobrazhenskaya Street) and a lane (former Tserkovny Lane), as well as to a street in Pushkin and Tannery in St. Petersburg. In 1923-89 Preobrazhenskaya Square bore the name of Radischev.

References: Кулакова Л. И., Салита Е. Г., Западов В. А. Радищев в Петербурге. Л., 1976; Кочеткова Н. Д. Радищев и масоны // Рус. лит. 2000. №1. С. 103-107.

V. A. Kuznetsov, D.N. Cherdakov.

RINALDI Antonio (around 1709-1794), architect of Italian descent. Studied in Naples under L. Vanvitelli. From 1752 served under Hetman K.G. Razumovsky in Malorussia (Little Russia, otherwise known as Ukraine). Since 1754 resided in St. Petersburg, commissioned as court architect of Grand Princess Ekaterina Alexeevna, after her accession to the throne (1762) appointed Court Architect of Her Imperial Majesty. Following Rinaldi's projects, the Palace of Peter III (1758-62), the Chinese Palace (1762-68) and Tobogganing Hill (Katalnaya Gorka) Pavilion, whose adornment was still dominated by Rococo, were erected in Oranienbaum; Novoznamenka Mansion (cottage) along the Peterhof Road is also attributed to him (1750s). Rinaldi's mastery reached its peak in the 1760-70s, marked by creation of the Marble Palace (1768-85), the second St. Isaac's Cathedral and Gatchina Palace and Park Ensemble, bearing the stylistic traits of early Neoclassicism. Rinaldi skilfully integrated sculptural and pictorial fragments in interior adornment, being a virtuoso master ornamentation. Rinaldi designed the Tuchkov Buyan complex (1764-72), completed the construction of the Cathedral of Prince St. Vladimir, Holy Ascension Church (not intact) and St. Catherine's Roman Catholic Church, and erected the Bolshoy Theatre on Theatre Square (1775-83, one of the largest in Europe). Rinaldi had also devised projects for the construction of Great Gostiny Dvor and the reconstruction of SS. Peter&Paul Cathedral (not implemented). In 1772, he began the installation of the marble milestones along the roads to Tsarskoe Selo and Peterhof (partially intact). In 1779, took on the construction of the city Liflyandskie Gates beside the Fontanka River (not intact). In the 1770s, Rinaldi contributed to the planning of the landscape section of Catherine Park in Tsarskoe Selo, designed Cascade Canal there. He also erected the Chesme and Moreyskaya Rostral Columns, the Kagul obelisk, renewed the interior ornamentation of the Grotto, designed the Chinese and Gothic pavilions and built the Orlov (triumphal) Gates. In 1768-79, lived in his own house in Millionnaya Street beside the Winter Palace (not intact). In 1780, returned to Italy.

Reference: Кючарианц Д. А. Антонио Ринальди. Л., 1984; Ее же. Антонио Ринальди // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XVIII век. СПб., 1997. С. 379-464.

V. V. Antonov.

ROZHDESTVENSKY Vsevolod Alexandrovich (1895, Tsarskoe Selo of St. Petersburg province - 1977, Leningrad), a poet. He graduated from the First St. Petersburg Gymnasia and began to appear in the press in 1910. In 1914 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Petrograd University, but in 1916 was mobilised to serve in the army. He took part in the February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917, as well as in the Civil War. He was a member of the Third "Guild of Poets". His first collections of poems include: Years in Gymnasia (1914), Summer, Golden Spindle (both date back to 1921), Ursa Major (1926), Granite Garden (1929); altogether he published over 30 volumes of poetry. His acquaintance with A.A. Blok had a significant impact on Rozhdestvensky. In the early 1920s M. Gorky engaged him in the work of the publishing house World Literature, and that appeared to be the starting point of his poetic translations to which he devoted himself. In 1941 he was attached to the Leningrad Militia, later assumed the functions of a war correspondent at the Volkhovsky and Karelsky fronts. Rozhdestvensky left memoirs Passages of Life (1962, second edition in 1974), Box of Memory (1972), and a number of opera librettos. The unique image of his native city, which had inspired the best works of Russian and World culture, as well as the heroic pages of its past, the charm of its suburbs represent the basic subjects of Rozhdestvensky's lyric poetry (cycles On the Banks of the Neva, The City of My Youth, Familiar Names, The City of Glory, Gardens of a Poet etc.). In 1919-21 he lived in the House of Arts, dwelled at 33 Liteiny Avenue from the late 1930s, and 9 Griboedova Canal Embankment from 1949 (memorial plaque). He was buried at Literatorskie Mostki.

References: Амстердам А. В. Всеволод Рождественский: Путь поэта. М.; Л., 1965; Васильева И. А. Всеволод Рождественский: Очерк жизни и творчества. Л., 1983; О Всеволоде Рождественском: Воспоминания. Письма. Документы. Л., 1986.

T. M. Dvinyatina.

SHCHEGOLEV Pavel Eliseevich (1877-1931, Leningrad), literary critic, historian, archaeographer and essayist. He entered two faculties of Petersburg University simultaneously in 1895 - the Oriental Faculty and Faculty of History and Philology - but was expelled and exiled for participating in student disturbances in 1899. He was arrested several times for his involvement in revolutionary organisations. Back in St. Petersburg in 1903, he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology as an external student. He was one of the editors of Byloe and Minuvshie Gody magazines published in 1906-07 and 1908, respectively. He resumed publishing Byloe in 1917, issuing it until 1925. He wrote works on the history of the revolutionary movement, Russian literature, Pushkin studies, etc. including Pushkin's Duel and Death in 1916. He founded, with other scholars, Petrograd Historical and Revolutionary Archive in 1918, situated in the former Senate building. He was a member of the board at the Petrograd Department of the Main Archive from 1919 and department manager at the State Archive Collection from 1920. He was also one of the founders of the Museum of the Revolution now known as the Museum of Political History of Russia. His collections of documents included dozens of thousands of autographs, letters, leaflets, etc. and are now kept in a number of state archives. He lived at 10 Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya Street (Derevenskoy Bednoty Street now renamed as Kuybysheva Street) from 1916. Buried at Nikolskoe Cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

References: Емельянов Ю. Н. П. Е. Щеголев - историк русского революционного движения. М., 1990; Лурье Ф. М. Хранители прошлого: Журнал "Былое": история, редакторы, издатели. Л., 1990.

O. N. Ansberg.

SHISHKOV Vyacheslav Yakovlevich (1873-1945), writer. In 1891 he graduated from Vyshny Volochek technical school. He started to publish his works from 1908, although he personally considered his literary debut to have occurred in 1912, when Zavety journal published his story They Have Prayed; that was also the time when he first visited St. Petersburg and met Ivanov-Razumnik, A.M. Remizov and other writers. In the winter of 1914 he met M. Gorky in St. Petersburg. A year later he moved to Petrograd to serve at the Ministry of Transport Communications. In 1916 he published his first major work Taiga in Letopis journal. From 1917 he had devoted himself exclusively to literary activity. He used to travel much; in 1927-41 he lived in Detskoe Selo (Pushkin), where he worked on his narrative The Wanderers (Leningrad, 1932), novel Ugryum-River (came out in a separate edition in Leningrad, 1933), the first part of the novel Emelyan Pugachev ( Leningrad, 1941 separate edition; the Stalin Prize of 1946, for all three volumes). The latter novel, in particular, vividly portrays the life of St. Petersburg in the second half of the 18th century. Shishkov's Fridays were attended by A.N. Tolstoy, A. Bely, K.A. Fedin, P.P. Soykin, K.S. Petrov-Vodkin, O.D. Forsh, A.A. Prokofiev, V.A. Kaverin, N.S. Tikhonov, M.L. Slonimsky et al. During the siege he appeared in press and on the air. In 1942 Shishkov was evacuated. While in Detskoe Selo, he lived at 14 Malaya Street (the building was not preserved) in 1927-29, at 9 Moskovskaya Street (memorial plaque) in 1929-41; in Leningrad, in 1941-42 he resided at 9 Griboedova Canal Embankment (memorial plaque). The name Shishkov was given to a Street in Pushkin (Vyacheslava Shishkova Street).

References: Раковский Л. Вячеслав Шишков // Белые ночи: О тех, кто прославил город на Неве. Л., 1971. [Вып. 1]. С. 247-255; Воспоминания о В. Шишкове. М., 1979; Бунатян Г. Г. Город муз: Лит. памят. места г. Пушкина. СПб., 2001. С. 290-308.

D. N. Cherdakov.

Smaragd Loginovich Shustov (1789 – 1870, СПб.), an architect. Shustov graduated from the Academy of Arts (1810). Shustov worked as an assistant of an architect of the office of the St Petersburg Military General Governor, and from 1822 he worked as an architect of the Court Konyushenny Administration and from 1822 he worked, as a second job, an architect of the Management of the Emperor Theatres . In 1835 Shustov resigned and worked for the private orders. Among the best constructions of Shustov in Saint Petersburg and environments there is : the building of the Orderly Stables in Tsarskoye Selo ( 1822-1824; 8 Sadovaya Street, jointly with the atchitect V.P. Stasov) , the complex of the Court Carriage Yard (1825-1827; 8 Zakharyevskaya Street - 29 Shpalernaya Street), the wooden Kammenoostrovsky Theatre (1827; 10 Krestovka River Embankment), the cottage of V.V. Dolgorukov on Kamenny Island (1831-1832; 4 Malaya Nevka Embankment), the interior decoration of the house of I.О.Sukhozanet ( 1835-1837; 70 Nevsky Prospekt, jointly with the architect D.I.Viskonti). In 1868 Shustov became blind. He was buried in the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery (the grave was not preserved).

STAROV Ivan Egorovich (1745-1808, St. Petersburg), architect, city-planner, one of the founders of Russian Neoclassicism. Resided in St. Petersburg from 1758. Graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts (1762). Apprenticed with architect C. de Vaillie in Paris (1762-66). Associate academy member (1769), lecturer (professor since 1785), council member, from 1794 adjunct rector of the Academy of Fine Arts. Was involved with the Commission for Stone Construction for St. Petersburg and Moscow (1772-74), Chief Architect of the Urban Planning Bureau of His Imperial Majesty's houses and gardens (1786-98). Starov's constructions in St. Petersburg include: Holy Trinity Cathedral and Our Lady’s Church of Joy for All Who Sorrow (Gate Church) with a circular square in front of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra Entrance (1776-90), and Tauride Palace. Involved in the reconstruction of Anichkov Palace and was involved on the ensembles of Demidovs' mansions in the vicinity of St. Petersburg in Taitsi (from 1774) and Sivoritsi (1775-76), Pell's country residence of Empress Catherine II. In constructing mansions Starov managed to achieve harmonious unity between structure and landscape. Developed plans and construction projects of mansions and cities in Central and Southern Russia. From 1800, he exerted control over the construction of Kazan Cathedral. From 1772, lived on the Sixth Line of Vasilievsky Island; on Simeonovskaya (now Belinskogo) Street (section of what is now house No 9), later in his own house (section of No 1/30), from 1804, on Znamenskaya Street (now Vosstaniya Street, section of No 13), where he died. Buried at Lasarevskoe Cemetery (Necropolis of 18th century).

References: Кючарианц Д. А. Иван Старов. Л., 1982; Ее же. Иван Старов // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XVIII век. СПб., 1997. С. 542-608.

V. A. Frolov.

SUKHANOV Samson Xenofontovich (1769-1840s, St. Petersburg), stonecutter, sculptor. Moved to St. Petersburg around 1800. Many orders for building were fulfilled by him or under his supervision. His most important works in stone in St. Petersburg are several sculpture-groups on the attic of the Bourse building (Neptune with Two Rivers and Navigation, the 1810-20s), rostral columns with four symbolic figures of four Russian rivers (the 1810-20s), the Vasilievsky Island Strelka Embankment, a sculpture composition of the Mining Institute porch (according to the models of sculptor V.I. Demut-Malinovsky and S.S. Pimenov), images of Attic warriors on tower of the Main Admiralty (by models of F.F. Shchedrin), a number of columns for Kazan Cathedral and St. Isaac's Cathedral, and plinths for monuments to M.I. Kutuzov and M.B. Barclay de Tolly (1832-36). He lived in his own house at 50 Pryazhka Embankment.

O. A. Chekanova.

TARLE Evgeny Viktorovich (1874-1955), historian, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). He graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Kiev University in 1896. In 1901, he moved to St. Petersburg. Two years later he assumed a teaching position at the University of St. Petersburg (where he was appointed a professor in 1918), as well as teaching at many other higher educational establishments of St. Petersburg. After the February Revolution in 1917, he collaborated with the Extraordinary Investigating Commission of the Provisional Government for the Investigation of Crimes of the Tsarist Regime. Tarle also took part in the issuing of the Byloe and Annaly journals. In 1930, he was arrested for involvement in the so-called Academic Affair and deported to Alma-Ata, where he stayed from 1931 to1932. In 1931, he was expelled from the Academy of Sciences, to be reinstated in 1938. In 1937, he was admitted as a research fellow into the Leningrad section of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1942, he entered the Extraordinary State Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Committed on the Territory of the USSR by Fascist Aggressors. Tarle left works on the history of France and international relations of the 18th-19th centuries. He was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1942, 1943 and 1946. From 1923 to 1955 Tarle lived at 30 Palace Embankment (memorial plaque).

References: Каганович Б. С. Евгений Викторович Тарле и петербургская школа историков. СПб., 1995; Академическое дело 1929-1931 гг.: Док. и материалы следств. дела, сфабриков. ОГПУ. Вып. 2: Дело по обвинению акад. Е. В. Тарле. СПб., 1998.

A. A. Kononov.

TON Konstantin Andreevich (1794 - 1881, St. Petersburg), architect, originator of the Russo-Byzantine style, associate academy member of the Academy of Fine Arts (1830). Upon graduation from the Academy of Fine Arts (1815) worked for the Urban Planning Committee of St. Petersburg. In 1819-28, as a retainer of the Academy of Arts travelled to Italy and France, upon returning worked as an architect at the Academy of Fine Arts, from 1831 was conferred the title of professor, in 1854-71 appointed rector of the Academy of Fine Arts on architecture, in 1861, court architect. In 1830-37, built St. Catherine's Church in the vicinity of the Kalinkin Bridge (not preserved), being the first example of the Russo-Byzantine style, subsequently acquiring official status. From which point he enjoyed the permanent favour of Emperor Nicholas I, who commissioned Ton for the construction of regimental churches in St. Petersburg and its suburbs. Following Ton's projects the Presentation of the Holy Virgin Church of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment (1834-42), St. Catherine's Cathedral in Tsarskoe Selo (1835-40), SS. Peter and Paul Church of the Uhlan Life Guards Regiment in Peterhof (1836-39), Holy Transfiguration All Guards Church of the Grenadier Life Guards Regiment (1839-45), Holy Annunciation Church of the Cavalry Life Guards Regiment (1842-49), St. Miron's Church of the Chasseur Life Guards Regiment (1849-55) were erected (almost all of them demolished in the 1930s). Ton's church constructions were distinctive due to their stylistic uniformity, while yet maintaining a variety of compositional techniques, and richness of interior decoration. Ton was also the designer of the pier with Sphinxes on Bolshaya Neva by the Academy of Fine Arts building (1833-34), the silver icon-wall of Kazan Cathedral (1834-38, has not survived), St. Petersburg's railway terminals: Nikolaevsky (presently Moskovsky; memorial plaque) and Tsarskoselsky (presently Vitebsky). Ton was actively involved in architectural activities in Moscow and provincial towns, his sample church architectural drawings were widely used all over in Russia. During his last years Ton lived in the house of his own (now 122-124 Griboedov Canal Embankment). Buried at Volkovskoe Orthodox Cemetery.

Reference: Славина Т. А. Константин Тон. Л., 1989; Лисовский В. Г. Константин Тон // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XIX - начало XX века. СПб., 1998. С. 269-282.

S. V. Boglachev.

TYNYANOV Yury Nikolaevich (1894-1943), a philologist and writer. He lived in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad interruptedly between 1912 and 1941, evacuated soon after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. He graduated from the department of history and philosophy of Petrograd University with a major in the Slavic and Russian languages in 1919. He participated in S. A. Vengerov's Pushkin Seminars. He was a member of the Society for the Study of Poetic Language. He worked at the State Institute of Arts History in 1920-30 and collaborated with B. M. Eichenbaum to establish home seminars for students with B.Y. Buchstab, L. Y. Ginzburg, and other future literary critics among their listeners. He delivered lectures and reports in the House of Arts, House of Literati, Institute of the Living Word, etc. He was the science editor of the Poet's Library, a series of books, from 1931. His works on literature history and theory such as Archaists and Innovators of 1929 had a remarkable effect on the development of the Russian and European philology and are among the greatest achievements of Russian formalism. In his historical prose such as Kyukhlya of 1925, Sublieutenant Kizhe of 1928, Wax Person of 1931, and Young Vitushishnikov of 1933, Tynyanov carried on his scientific research in an original manner depicting bright images of St. Petersburg of various ages. He also wrote works on cinema theory and a number of film scripts. He lived at 8/15 Grechesky Avenue (memorial plaque) in 1919-36, 10/8 Plekhanova Street (today, Kazanskaya Street) from 1936, and in the House of Creation at 6 Proletarskaya Street (today, Tserkovnaya Street), Pushkin Town, in 1940 and 1941.

References: Юрий Тынянов: Писатель и ученый: Воспоминания. Размышления. Встречи. М., 1966; Юрий Тынянов: Биобиблиогр. хроника (1894-1943) / Сост. В. Ф. Шубин. СПб., 1994.

D. N. Cherdakov.

ULANOVA Galina Sergeevna (1910, St. Petersburg - 1998), dancer, pedagogue, Hero of Socialist Labor (1974, 1980), People"s Artist of the USSR (1951). Graduating from the Leningrad Choreographic School under A.Y. Vaganova, she was a soloist at the Kirov Opera and Ballet Theatre from 1928 until 1941. She was the first to play the role of Maria in The Fountain of Bakhchisaray (1934, ballet master R.V. Zakharov) and Juliet (1940, ballet master L.M. Lavrovsky). She also played Odette/Odile, Giselle, and other major roles. Ulanova"s roles were characterised by an extraordinary harmony of dancing, imparting grace to simple movements and naturalness to complex ones. Through her art she made real the tender poetic heroines who lived in love and defended love at the expense of their lives. Tragic finales became light and hopeful when Ulanova played them. A bronze bust modelled after her was installed in Moscow Podeby Park (1984, sculptor M.K. Anikushin). She was awarded the Stalin Prize (1941, 1946, 1947, 1950) and Lenin Prize (1957). She lived at 8 Dzerzhinskogo Street (today Gorokhovaya Street), and 13 Gogolya Street (today Malaya Morskaya Street).

References: Голубов В. И. Танец Галины Улановой. Л., 1948; Богданов-Березовский В. М. Галина Сергеевна Уланова. 2-е изд., испр. и доп. М., 1961; Львов-Анохин Б. А. Галина Уланова. 2-е изд., доп. М., 1984.

G. N. Dobrovolskaya.

VAVILOV Nikolay Ivanovich (1887-1943), geneticist, plant-breeder, science official, public figure, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1929), the first President (1929-35) and Vice-President (1935-40) of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Brother of S.I. Vavilov. Graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute in 1911. Since 1921, lived in Petrograd (Leningrad). In 1921-40, headed the Applied and Selective Botany Department of the Agricultural Scientific Committee, reorganized into the All-Union Plant Research Institute in 1930, named after Vavilov in 1967, and located at 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street (memorial plaque installed), where the Vavilov Museum was opened in 1980. Concurrently, in 1930-40, he was Director of the Genetics Laboratory (today the General Genetics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, named after Vavilov in 1966). Organised botanical and agricultural expeditions to the Mediterranean countries, Asia, Northern Africa, North America and South America, by which the world's largest collection of cultivated plant-seeds was assembled. Provided a theoretical basis for plant immunity theory (1919), and formulated the law of homology-series in genetic mutation (1920). Advocated genetics in the struggle against the "doctrine" of T.D. Lysenko. President of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1931-40). Awarded the Lenin Prize in 1926. In 1940, Vavilov was repressed without grounds, and died in a prison hospital in Saratov. In 1928-40, lived at 2 Gogol Street (today Malaya Morskaya Street, memorial plaque installed). In 1967, the new passage between Nauki Avenue and Doroga na Ozerki Street was named after Vavilov and his brother.

References: Бальдыш Г. М., Понизовская Г. И. Николай Вавилов в Петербурге - Петрограде - Ленинграде. Л., 1987; Бахтеев Ф. Х. Николай Иванович Вавилов, 1887-1943. Новосибирск, 1988; Н. И. Вавилов: Документы. Фотографии. СПб., 1995.

O. N. Ansberg.