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hidden Persons of Tsarskoye Selo -
hidden Monuments of history and culture | Monuments of history and culture hidden A living house of the Fridental colony (a house of A. Kemper) with the garden | |
The Tsarskoye Selo colony Fridental was founded by immigrants from the duchy of Berg ruined by the war. On colonists elected deputy Abram Kemper’s petition submitted to Alexander I in 1816 ... | | The Tsarskoye Selo colony Fridental was founded by immigrants from the duchy of Berg ruined by the war. On colonists elected deputy Abram Kemper’s petition submitted to Alexander I in 1816, a plot of land of the square 28 dessiatinas ( 1 sessiatina = approx. 2 3/4 acres ) was granted for establishing a petty textile manufacture. Now this area is bordered by Moscow Road, Sophia Boulevard, Zhukovsko-Volynskaya Street and Zheleznodordzhnaya Street. V.I. Geste laid out the settlement on an estate layout. He placed houses in line from Sophia Boulevard to the cross with Moscow Road which was changed on this plot. On V.P. Stasov’s project during 1819-1825 seven small wooden houses, two families of workers- weavers lived in each of them, were built using the state money. The each house in the center was divided into two halves, so cold half-house. In a half-house there were living rooms with barns for owners and a large workshop with a room for workers. Originally colonists engaged in producing silk, cotton, wool and linen goods, especially ribbons and tapes, worked in gardens, but later summer cottage renting business became the most popular. After a time on homestead lands separate wings were built for placing “workshops” which were gradually rebuilt and let out to summer residents. In all thirteen families settled down in the colony, their heirs lived here until World War I. Families of the Verners, Vebers, Kremers, Kellermanns, Ostermanns and Mundingers, lived in identical houses with triangular pediments, were neighbours of the colonists deputy Abram Kemper from one side. From the other side there were just like these houses of the Kumbruch and of the dyer Meyer, further the house of Kissel and Schmitz. The last, seventh house belonged to the Mudingers and the leather-dresser Vidmeyer and his heirs. Abram Kemper’s house with expressive façade created by Stasov was completed, in contrast to neighbours, with a mezzanine. A half of the house belonged to his family and the second half was intended for common needs: an office, shop, school for children. However the colonist society considered more profitable to lease the public half-house. The famous Russian poet Count A.A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1848-1913) lived here for a long time. In 1915 this half-house, as exception, was handed in the life personal use to the poet’s widow O.A. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova according to the Emperor’s order. This building as a monument of the Tsarskoye Selo old times was taken in the charge of “The Society of Defense and Preservation of Old Times Monuments” for adapting it for a museum or charity foundation, for example an alms-house, for perpetuation of the memory of Emperor Alexander I and his wife. World War I prevented from creating a museum and then this idea was forgotten. At a later time the house of A. Kemper and A.A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov was used as communal flats. It was survived during WWII. In 1954-1955 it was overhauled and restored. Bad using during the last years brought to a fire and the protected by the state and society monument of the Tsarskoye Selo Old Times cultural heritage of the regional significance, connected with Alexander I’s work, has burnt to the ground in a result of it. It would be likely to read that the measures for it restoring are assumed.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William) Kemper, Abram Stasov Vasily Petrovich
| | | | hidden Alexander Palace (Pushkin) | |
ALEXANDER PALACE (Pushkin), an architectural monument in Neoclassical style; constructed in 1792-96 (architect G. Quarenghi); located on the territory of the Alexander Park ... | | ALEXANDER PALACE (Pushkin), an architectural monument in Neoclassical style; constructed in 1792-96 (architect G. Quarenghi); located on the territory of the Alexander Park. It forms a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace and park ensemble; was meant for the grandson of Empress Catherine II, Grand Prince Alexander Pavlovich (the future Emperor Alexander I), whom it was named after. Later on, it served as a private imperial residence (under Emperor Nicholas II - his permanent residence). The building of the Alexander Palace is placed along the axis of the transverse alley of the park, enclosing its perspective with the southern facade adorned with semirotunda dome. The main northern facade is marked with a double Corinthian colonnade set between symmetrical corbels. On the porch in front of the colonnade there are cast-iron statues, cast in 1838 in Alexandrovsky Factory to the designs of sculptor N.S. Pimenov (The youth, playing knucklebones) and A.V. Loganovsky (The youth, playing fid). After the February Revolution of 1917 Nicholas II and members of his family were kept in the Alexander Palace until they were exiled to Tobolsk. From 1918, the Alexander Palace functioned as a palace-museum. In 1949, in it the exposition of the All-Union Museum of Alexander Pushkin was opened, shortly afterwards it was closed down, as the building was given to a military department. As a result the Alexander Palace suffered greatly because of incorrect maintenance. Since the 1990s, reconstruction has been conducted, a number of halls host museum displays. The interiors decorated to the plans of architects V.P. Stasov (1817-27) and R.F. Meltzer (1896-98). References: Александровский дворец и парк в г. Пушкине. Л., 1937; see also the article Tsarskoe Selo. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Catherine II, Empress Loganovsky Alexander Vasilievich Meltzer Roman (Robert-Friedrich) Fedorovich Nicholas II, Emperor Pimenov Nikolay Stepanovich Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich Quarenghi Giacomo Stasov Vasily Petrovich
| | | | hidden Alexandrovsky Park (Pushkin) | |
ALEXANDROVSKY PARK (Pushkin), a landscape architecture monument, situated west of Ekaterininsky Park. The park is a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace and park ensemble. Alexandrovsky Park covers an area of 120 hectares ... | | ALEXANDROVSKY PARK (Pushkin), a landscape architecture monument, situated west of Ekaterininsky Park. The park is a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace and park ensemble. Alexandrovsky Park covers an area of 120 hectares. Its old regular part (the New Garden) was laid out in the 1750s (allegedly, by architects S.I. Chevakinsky, N. Girard); it is divided by Krestovy Canal into four squares with amusement tricks: scarpir (a round area with slopes), Chinese theatre (1778-79, architects A. Rinaldi, I.V. Neelov); Parnas hill and water maze. Over the canal, Krestovy, Kitaysky, Drakonov and other bridges were erected (built in the 1770s, architect Neelov). The complex of Chinese Village is situated south of the New Garden. The landscape park was established in the 1790s at the same time with the construction of Alexandrovsky Palace on the ground of the Menagerie of the period of Elizaveta Petrovna's reign (the fragments of bastions and canals setting its bounds remained to date). In the landscaped part of Alexandrovsky Park the artificial ponds were made: Detsky Pond (on the island there is a pavilion built for Emperor Nicholas I's children), Nizhny Pond, Vittolovsky Pond, and Lamsky. In the 1820s–30s according to the projects of architect A.A. Menelas, ornamental pavilions were built in various parts of the park. These included the White Tower (1821 - 27; destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, restored in the 1990s); the Arsenal (1819-34; built on the site of Mon bijou pavilion designed by architect S.I. Chevakinsky in 1747-54); Chapelle (Chapel; 1825–28) – neo-Gothic. Opposite the Chapelle, there are classical palace green-houses (1819-28). In the western part of Alexandrovsky Park flows the Kuzminka river, which has been dammed. Beside the river stands Lamsky Pavilion (1882), built for keeping lamas given to Emperor Alexander I (Nicholas II established a dark room here); and Pensionerskie Stables (1827-29), where emperors' horses were kept. North of Alexandrovsky Park, there are Feodorovsky Village, Ratnaya Chamber and other buildings in the neo-Russian style of the beginning of the 20th century. Reference: see Tsarskoe Selo. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Girard N. Menelas Adam Adamovich Neelov Ilya Vasilievich Nicholas I, Emperor Nicholas II, Emperor Rinaldi Antonio the Neelovs
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AMBER ROOM, a unique interior of the Great Catherine Palace, and 18th century arts and crafts monument. The walls of the Amber Room are decorated with the amber panels (the only example of amber used in Russian architecture) ... | | AMBER ROOM, a unique interior of the Great Catherine Palace, and 18th century arts and crafts monument. The walls of the Amber Room are decorated with the amber panels (the only example of amber used in Russian architecture). In 1716, Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I granted an amber study to Peter the Great staying in Habelberg (near Berlin), but the attempt to establish it straightaway failed. For the first time in St. Petersburg the Amber Room was arranged for the future Empress Elizaveta Petrovna in the Third Winter Palace. In 1745, Friedrich II who had ascended the Prussian throne presented Empress Elizaveta Petrovna the forth Amber Room, executed at his behest in Konigsberg (in addition to the three presented to Peter the Great). In the same years F. Rastrelli, reconstructing the Grand Catherine Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, included the Amber Room in the premises of the Gala Palace. To make assurance doubly sure, panels and frames treasured in the Summer Palace of Peter the Great in St. Petersburg were moved to Tsarskoe Selo under armed guard. To set the Amber Room the premises of 96 square metres turned out to be too spacious. Rastrelli offered a three-tier composition of the decor and placed the already existing panels and frames in the middle tier. Above and below it the walls were covered with canvas and painted by I.I. Belsky to look like amber. In 1758, Prussian amber master F. Roggenbuck headed the production of new amber articles in the workshops created on the spot. In the course of four years eight shields of the lower tier and eight panels were made (450 kg of amber was used). A Florentine mosaic was made in Italy in Petroduru workshops to the sketches of G. Zocchi. During the Great Patriotic War the decor of the Amber Room was taken by German authorities to Konigsberg, in 1944 it was lost. In the 1990s, in Germany two items of the Amber room resurfaced, those were given over to Tsarskoe Selo Museum. Work on the reconstruction of the Amber Room started in 1986 (under the direction of architect A. A. Kedrinsky). The reconstructed Amber Room was solemnly opened in March of 2003. References: Овсянов А. П. Янтарная комната: Возрождение шедевра. Калининград, 2002; Янтарная комната: Три века истории / И. П. Саутов, А. А. Кедринский, Л. В. Бардовская, Н. С. Григорович. СПб., 2003. O. A. Chekanova.
Persons Belsky Ivan Ivanovich Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Friedrich II, King Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke Peter I, Emperor Rastrelli Francesco de Roggenbuck F. Zocchi Guiseppe
| | | | hidden Babolovsky Park (Pushkin town) | |
BABOLOVSKY PARK (Pushkin town), a monument of landscape architecture situated in the southwestern part of Pushkin town is a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace park ensemble. Its area consists of 268,8 hectares ... | | BABOLOVSKY PARK (Pushkin town), a monument of landscape architecture situated in the southwestern part of Pushkin town is a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace park ensemble. Its area consists of 268,8 hectares. It was developed in the late 18th century near Babolovo village, close to which a small stone palace of Prince G.A. Golitsyn, which was built in the Pseudo-Gothic style (1783-1786, architect I.V. Neelov). Babolovskaya Glade is directly connected with Podkapriznaya Road leading to the Catherine Palace. Babolovsky Palace was reconstructed by architect V.P. Stasov in 1824-25, at the same time a granite bath, cut by a masonry team of S. Sukhanov, was organised in a special apartment. Taitsky Aqueduct, which encircled the southern outskirts of the park (the 1770-80s, engineer I. Gerard). A cavern with a statue of a hermit monk was installed on the aqueduct (not preserved). Babolovsky Park was enlarged in the 1820-60s. Cast iron Staro-Krasnoselskie Gates enclose Babolovsky Park (1823-26, architect A.A. Menelas). Reference: see Tsarskoe Selo entry. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Gerard Ivan (Johann Konrad) Kondratievich Menelas Adam Adamovich Potemkin Grigory Alexandrovich, Gracious Prince of Tauride Stasov Vasily Petrovich Sukhanov Samson Xenofontovich
| | | | hidden Barracks of the Fourth Life Guard Rifle Imperial Family Regiment | |
The barracks occupies the whole area opposite the Catherine Park and the Admiralty on Parkovaya Street and limited by Kadetsky Boulevard, Krasnoy Zvezdi (Red Star) Street and Ogorodnaya Street ... | | The barracks occupies the whole area opposite the Catherine Park and the Admiralty on Parkovaya Street and limited by Kadetsky Boulevard, Krasnoy Zvezdi (Red Star) Street and Ogorodnaya Street. During 1864-1917 building, locating here, occupied by the Fourth Life Guard Rifle Imperial Family Regiment (until 1910 it was a battalion). Soldiers’ barracks of this regiment were placed in two big blocks, built as living buildings in 1783-1785 according to Ch. Cameron’s “ a standard model of a big house” to Sophia Town, the appearance of which is recognized in facades survived until our days. One of buildings was intended for General A.D. Lanskoy and was built by G. Quarenghi on the remade design of Ch. Cameron. After Lanskoy’s death in 1784 his house and grounds were bought by Catherine II from his heirs and got the fame as “Sophia House” of the tsesarevich or the Konstantin Palace because during 1794-1817 the owner of a part of the building (at first 6 windows, then 9 windows from the park side) was Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. A wing for married lower ranks of the Fourth Rifle Regiment was built in the 1790s as the outbuilding of the Konstantin Palace. The other part of the building was occupied by the Tsarskoye Selo Board, the Forestry Institute and the Engineer department of the Military department. Among owners of the second building in the late 18th century and early 19th century there was the Scottish stonemason Lavrenty Stitman, Sophia Town merchant Kirila Lomakin, the collegiate assessor and cavalier Platon Sokolov, the Gzhatsk merchant Yemelyan Cheblokov, Sophia Town merchant Afanasy Yevseyev, English merchant Yegor Eno. In 1813-1819 both buildings were adapted for the Noble Lyceum boarding school according to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov. In 1824-1829 detached buildings of the boarding school, which was separated by Admiralty Street, were rebuilt again to the design of V.P. Stasov and connected with an one-storied gallery. In 1831 the Alexander Cadet Corps for juvenile children was placed here. Later only connective block was changed in the building appearance, it was overbuilt with the second floor in 1838-1841 to the design of the architect V.V. Kokorev. During 1859-1863 the Officer Rifle School was temporarily placed here, afterwards soldiers’ barracks of the Fourth Life Guard Rifle Imperial Family Regiment was placed in the building. In the 1910s, in connection with the increase in the number of riflemen up to four-battalion regiment, an adjoining plot with buildings of the Fifth and Sixth squadrons of the Life Guard Hussar His Emperor Majesty Regiment were joined to the barracks of the imperial riflemen (1850-1857, the 1880s, the buildings were rebuilt for soldiers-riflemen in the 1910s), also new barracks were built. Manezhny Lane, separated barrack complexes, was destroyed at the same time. The auxiliary squadron wings of the Hussar Regiment, mainly built in 1850-1857, were rebuilt for riflemen: barracks of the seventh reserve squadron, barracks and cook-houses of trumpet-player team, a school for soldiers’ children, a wing of married lower ranks, storerooms. Street facades of stable and horse hospital of the Hussar Regiment, rebuilt in the 1910 by the architect V.I. Yakovlev for needs of the Fourth Rifle Regiment, were decorated with many-column porticos in the spirit of the Neo-classicism architecture. Neo-classicism forms and large-scale dimensions were used for decoration of facades of the Officers’ Assembly building with flats for officers of the Fourth Rifle Regiment built in 1913-1914 by the architect V.I. Yakovlev. Also the Battalion building (1912-1914) in Kadetsky Boulevard and the Soldiers’ School (1911-1915) were built in the heart of the barrack complex by V.I. Yakovlev jointly with the architect Ye.O. Konstanovich. After 1917 units of the Red Army were placed here, from 1948 the High Navy Engineering Colledge named after V.I. Lenin, reorganized in the Navy Engineering Institute in 1999, has been placed here.
Persons Cameron Charles Catherine II, Empress Kokorev, Vasily Vasilyevich Konstantin Pavlovich, Grand Prince Konstantinovich, Yevstafy Iosifovich Lanskoy Alexander Dmitrievich Quarenghi Giacomo Stasov Vasily Petrovich Yakovlev Vsevolod Ivanovich
Addresses Kadetsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town Krasnaya Zvezda Street/Pushkin, town Ogorodnaya Street/Pushkin, town Parkovaya Street/Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden Barracks of the Own His Emperor Majesty Escort | |
During its random staying in Tsarskoye Selo over the 19th century the Emperor Escort occupied hussar and cuirassier barracks. The first permanent wooden barracks of the Own His Emperor Majesty Escort were built in 1895 in the Alexander Park in ... | | During its random staying in Tsarskoye Selo over the 19th century the Emperor Escort occupied hussar and cuirassier barracks. The first permanent wooden barracks of the Own His Emperor Majesty Escort were built in 1895 in the Alexander Park in connection with placing the permanent residence of Emperor Nicholas II in the Alexander Palace. The barracks were consecrated on 28 September 1895 in the presence of the Emperor. Each of three sotnias (a unit of a hundred soldiers) was placed with maximum comforts: in separate barracks with separate kitchens and stables, with electric lighting. Only a bakery, smithy and bathhouse were common for all three sotnias. In 1911 the centenary of “the Emperor’s guard” was celebrated. The constraction of the Fiodorovsky Emperor Cathedral (1909, the architect A.N. Pomerantsev; 1910-1912, the architect V.A. Pokrovsky) and the Officers’ Assembly building (1910-1911, the architect V.A. Pokrovsky) for needs of the Own His Emperor Majesty Escort and the Combined Infantry Regiment was dated to this centenary. Later it was decided to build new barracks for the Escort soldiers also. The ceremonial laying of the barracks according to the design of the architect V.N. Maksimov took place on 25 June 1914 in the presence of the Emperor on the place of an old wooden building. The main building work was done for three years, but the construction, which must be finished in 1917, was not completed. However the barracks were inhabited, and as some Escort soldiers were in the Emperor Headquarters and at the front, the spare rooms were used for a hospital for wounded soldiers. The barrack building was multifunctional with two closed courtyards. The architect has provided here for all needs for placing the Escort soldiers: living barracks, stables, administrative, training, gymnastic, store rooms. Sothia buildings were separated with five arch passages and picturesque tier porches. From the 1920s until the present days the barracks of the Own Escort were occupied by the Agrarian University. The post-war restored repair was done during 1954-1957 under the direction of the architect L.Ya. Rotinov, the appearance of the building was simplified enough. The large sotnia’s yard was opened to the direction of the park and decorated with lawns and flower-beds of landscape laying according to the project of the architect N.Ye. Zakamsky. A small yard in the northern part of the building survived the originak fence and gate. The building, stretched in parallel with the front of the Menagerie eastern bastion, was successfully included in the landscape composition of the Alexander Park. Pyramidal towers, completed like ancient fortresses with conic and facetted roofs and weathercocks with the image of St. George the Victorious and a warrior with a bow, give the expressiveness to the building. Facades were stylized in forms of the ancient Russian architecture and they do not remember ordinary barrack-buildings by anything. The northern block is especially distinguished by rich mansion window surrounds and an open arch gallery of the entrance on the squat tubby pylons. The influence of the Modernist style is noticeable in the form of arches.
Persons Maksimov, Vladimir Nikolayevich Nicholas II, Emperor Pokrovsky Vladimir Alexandrovich Pomerantsev Alexander Nikanorovich
| | | | hidden Barracks of the Second Life Guard Rifle Regiment with the Church of the Saint Sergy of Radonezh | |
In 1871 the buildings of the Sophia Provision Shops, built in 1821-1822 to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov, were rebuilt for permanent apartments of the Tsarskoye Selo riflemen ... | | In 1871 the buildings of the Sophia Provision Shops, built in 1821-1822 to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov, were rebuilt for permanent apartments of the Tsarskoye Selo riflemen. For placing riflemen the old shops were replanned and overbuilt. New buildings of barracks were being built nearby bit by bit as required. In 1887 a one-storied building of the Arsenal with a training hall was built at the corner of Gatchina Road (now it is Krasnoselskoye Road) and Furazhaya Street. In two years the church was placed here. In 1903-1904 the building of the Arsenal was enlarged according to the design of the architect A.G. Uspensky. An extension was built to the side façade of the training hall where the church altar part with the iconostasis and soleia were placed, a bell tower with the broach and separate entrance into the church was built and the church was crowned with a cupola on the high drum. The works were done for the money of the Moscow merchant N.A. Protopopov. Inside the church walls were decorated and painted in the style of Russian churches of the 16th century, frescos were painted by the artist S.V. Chekhonin. On 19 November 1904 the church was consecrated in the name of Saint Sergy of Radonezh in the presence of Nicholas II and Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, the chief of the battalion. As before the church was connected with training hall that made possible to seat more people during services. Many officers of the regiment who perished in battles during World War I were buried in the church crypt. Some buildings of barracks of the Second Tsarskoye Selo Life Guard Rifle Regiment were survived until our days: soldiers’ barracks (former Provisions Shops, now – 1, 3 Krasnoselskoye Road), a building of Officers’ barracks and assembly (7 Krasnoselskoye Road), as well as the arsenal with the training hall and regiment church of Saint Sergy of Radonezh (4 Furazhny Lane).
Persons Chekhonin Sergey Vasilievich Nicholas II, Emperor Stasov Vasily Petrovich Uspensky Alexander Glebovich
| | | | hidden Barracks of the Third Life Guard Rifle His Emperor Majesty Regiment | |
The architectural ensemble of barracks of the Third Life Guard His Emperor Majesty Regiment was built in 1914-1916 to the design of the architect V.A. Pokrovsky ... | | The architectural ensemble of barracks of the Third Life Guard His Emperor Majesty Regiment was built in 1914-1916 to the design of the architect V.A. Pokrovsky. It is one of the most significant complexes of Tsarskoye Selo attracting attention by its fortress towers and the Old Russian Style appearance. Elements of the Old Russian architecture of the 17th century , mainly the Rostov Metropolitan residence, were used in planning composition and architectural decision of facades. A score brick unplastered buildings, survived until our days, surrounded with walls with towers, gates and a chapel are included into the complex. Many various motifs of the Old Russian architecture were used in the façade decoration: the scenic volumetric-spatial design, hip-roof towers with loophole-windows, varnitsas (loopholes through which boiling water and hot pitch were poured) and machicolations, massive chimneys, porches on posts (gulbishche), combination of open brickwork and plastered detailes, arcature belts, figured columnar window surrounds, window opening pluripartite lintels with girkas (pendants in the form of a stone pyramid used in double archesin Russian architecture), cylinder string-courses, pediments – “eyebrow” (arched decorative element above a window), “zigzag” pattern (begunets), shirinkas (rectangular cavity in the wall bordered with profiled frame, inside of which a tile or carved ornament was sometimes placed). The design and function of buildings characterized different sides of activities of Emperor regiments. In the beginning of World War I the Third Life Guard His Emperor Majesty Regiment, sent to the West front, has never occupied barracks built for it. In 1916 the Life Guard Rifle Artillery battalion, for which was supposed to build barracks in the neighbourhood in the town pasture near the Kazan Cemetery, was placed temporarily here. After 1917 the buildings were occupied by artillery and tank units of the Red Army. Now a branch of the Military Engineering Space University is placed here.
Persons Pokrovsky Vladimir Alexandrovich
| | | | hidden Catherine Palace (Town of Pushkin) | |
CATHERINE PALACE (Town of Pushkin), an architectural monument of the Baroque period, compositional centre and dominating architecture of the park and palace ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo ... | | CATHERINE PALACE (Town of Pushkin), an architectural monument of the Baroque period, compositional centre and dominating architecture of the park and palace ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo. In 1717-1723, on this site a small stone palace of Empress Catherine I (architect I.F. Braunstein) was constructed concurrently with the establishment of the Catherine Park. From 1743, work on the palace extension was started (architect M.G. Zemtsov), after his death work continued under the guidance of architects A.V. Kvasov and S.I. Chevakinsky. From late 1748 - architect F. Rastrelli. In May of 1752, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna ordered everything that had been erected earlier to be reconstructed and in 1756 the Catherine Palace was completed. At this stage it consisted only of the western parade court, framed by single-story semicircular buildings - surrounded with splendid wrought railings with gilded details and gates along the central axis of the palace. The facades are decorated with moulded figures of caryatids, cartouche, masks (sculptor I. F. Dunker), marked with ochre colour against the turquoise background (up to the 1770s, the stucco work was gilded). Originally the front staircase was in the south section of the Catherine Palace, on the second floor were also located the "Golden Enfilade", comprising of five "antechambers", double tiered Grand Hall and a number of sitting rooms, their fretwork above the doors created an impression of a gold stream. Among the interiors is the Amber Room. The length of the Catherine palace's facades is over 325 metres. The central part of the building (The Middle House) has retained the parameters of the palace of Catherine I. The side wings that replaced the original open terrace unite the central part with the wings: to the north there is a church (1779-84, architect I.V. Neelov) and to the south - Zubovsky (1778-1784, architect Y.M. Felten). Under Catherine II, in the 1780s, new interiors were added according to the designs of C. Cameron: the Arabesque and the Lyon sitting rooms, the Silver Study and others in the south part of the Catherine Palace, the rooms of the Grand Prince Pavel Petrovich (the Green dining-room, the Bedchamber and others) in the northern part. To the south-eastern side of the Catherine Palace the complex of the so-called Cameron Gallery, the Cold Bath (Agate Pavilion), the hanging garden and the ramp (1780-87; 1792-94) are united. In 1817-20, and in the 1840s architect V.P. Stasov made some changes in the palace's interiors, in 1860-63 architect I. A. Monighetti (Chinese front staircase in the central part). Since 1918, the Catherine Palace has been a palace-museum, in 1941-44, it was practically levelled, restoration following the project of architect A.A. Kedrinsky was launched in 1957. Restoration works continue up to the present. See also "Tsarskoe Selo" article. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Braunstein Johann Friedrich Cameron Charles Catherine I, Empress Catherine II, Empress Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich Dunker Johann Franz Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich Kedrinsky Alexander Alexandrovich Kvasov Andrey Vasilievich Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich Neelov Ilya Vasilievich Paul (Pavel) I, Emperor Rastrelli Francesco de Stasov Vasily Petrovich Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
| | | | hidden Catherine Park (Pushkin town), ensemble | |
CATHERINE PARK (Pushkin town), a monument of landscape architecture and the central part of Tsarskoe Selo palace ensemble. Its consists of a total of 107 hectares The park consists of a grassed and a landscape areas, divided by the Great Pond ... | | CATHERINE PARK (Pushkin town), a monument of landscape architecture and the central part of Tsarskoe Selo palace ensemble. Its consists of a total of 107 hectares The park consists of a grassed and a landscape areas, divided by the Great Pond, formed by damming the Vangazia Brook. The regular Old Park (1717-20s, garden masters Y. Roozen and I. Focht) was laid out on artificial terraces to the north of the pond. There are parterre lawns and flower gardens on the upper terrace near the Catherine park, two small ponds on the next one, and on the lower terrace there are bosquets between the three divergent alley ways, leading to Rybny Canal, behind which, in the so-called Wild Grove, the Hermitage pavilion is situated (1744-54, architect M.G. Zemtsov , F. Rastrelli). The Grotto (Morning Hall) is located on the bank of the pond (1749-61, architect Rastrelli). There are marble sculptures and busts of the early 18th century on the park's paths (masters A. Tarsia, P. Baratta, et al.). Pavilions of the Upper and the Lower Baths were constructed in classical style on the terraces of the garden by projects of architect I.V. Neelov (see the Neelov family) in the late 1770s, and the Hermitage kitchen in the Pseudo-Gothic style at the Wild Grove entrance. The practice of tree trimming was ceased under Empress Catherine II, and the garden lost its regular character. The landscape part of the Catherine Park (1762-96, garden masters J. Bush, T. Ilyin, architect V.I. Neelov) was laid out around the Great Pond, the geometric outlines of which were changed to fit the landscape style, and the following artificial islands were made: the Great Island (with a hall on it, 1794, architect G. Quarenghi), Wild Island, Stone Island, and Rabbit Island. Artificial Cascading Ponds were connected with the Great Pond. Admiralty complex (1773-77, architect V.I. Neelov) is situated on the east bank of the Great Pond. The Column of Morea (1771), Kagul Obelisk (1771-72) and Chesme Column (1774-76) were erected in honour of victories in the Russo-Turkish Wars of the second half of the 18th century in the landscape part of the park by projects of architect A. Rinaldi. In the south part of the Catherine Park the Tower Ruin with a rampart of packed earth (1771-73), the Gothic Gates (1777-80, architect Y.M. Velten), and Gatchina (Orlov) Gates (1777-78, architect Rinaldi). Nearby, located beyond the park boundary, the Crimea Column is situated (1777-85, sculptor G.I. Kozlov). Swan pools with weirs and cascades are located to the southwest of the Great Pond, behind Sibirsky (Palladiev) Bridge (1772-74, architect V. I. Neelov). The Pyramid with a cemetery for dogs of the royal court with Water Laborinth near it are in the same part of the park. In the western part of the Catherine park there is the Ramp Alley and the Granite Terrace (1809, architect L. Rusca), on which copies of Antique sculptures were installed in the 1850s (master A. Hamburger). A path leads down from the terrace to the Milk Maid fountain (1816, engineer A.A. Bethencourt; female statue - sculptor P.P. Sokolov). To the west of the Ramp Alley there are the Upper Ponds, with the Concert Hall on an island with the Kitchen Ruins (1782-88, architect Quarenghi) and the Evening Hall pavilion (1796, architect I.V. Neelov, 1810-11, architect Rusca). the Catherine Park is separated from the Chinese Village by Podkapriznaya Road. In the 19th century the Catherine Park was enriched with: gates "For My Dear Colleagues" (1817, architect V.P. Stasov), the Turkish Baths (the 1850s, architect I.A. Monighetti), the Personal Garden was laid out with marble pergola and a fountain (1865, architect A.F. Vidov). The Regular design of the Old Garden was restored in the 1960-70s (architect N.E. Tumanova). Reference: see Tsarskoe Selo entry. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Baratta Pietro Bethencourt Avgustin Avgustinovich Bush Joseph (John) Catherine II, Empress Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich Foсht I. Hamburger I.A. Ilyin T. Kozlov Grigory Mikhailovich Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich Neelov Ilya Vasilievich Neelov Vasily Ivanovich Quarenghi Giacomo Rastrelli Francesco de Rinaldi Antonio Roozen Yan Rusca Luigi (Aloisy Ivanovich) Sokolov Pavel Petrovich Stasov Vasily Petrovich Tarsia Antonio Tumanova Natalia Evgenievna Vidov Alexander Fomich Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
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Four Cavaliers’ houses were built in 1752-1753 to the design of S.I. Chevakinsky according to Empress Elizabeth’s order given in 1748 about building dwelling houses in Sadovaya Street for arriving “cavaliers” ... | | Four Cavaliers’ houses were built in 1752-1753 to the design of S.I. Chevakinsky according to Empress Elizabeth’s order given in 1748 about building dwelling houses in Sadovaya Street for arriving “cavaliers”. Originally all one-storied houses with mezzanines were equal, built in the Baroque style, they were joined with fences from Sadovaya Street and painted in the colour of the same with facades of the Catherine Palace. In 1784 I.V. Neyelov enlarged mezzanines, transformed them in the low second floor. In 1817 small front gardens were laid out in front of houses. The marshal’s house (6 Sadovaya Street) was rebuilt and doubled, in the middle of the 19th century the Tsarskoye Selo superintendent of Palace buildings lived here. The Study house (10 Sadovaya Street) was occupied by the office of the Governor of Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof and Gatchina over a some period in the early 19th century, in the middle of the 19th century noncommissioned - Masters of the Horse lived here. The field-doctor’s house (12 Sadovaya Street) was used for living the historian N.M. Karamzin in 1817 according to Alexander I’s order. Afterwards a campaign noncommissioned - Master of the Horse lived here.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich Elizaveta Alexeevna, Empress Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich Neelov Ilya Vasilievich
Addresses Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 6 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 10 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 12
| | | | hidden Children’s House, a pavilion (an ensemble of the Alexander Park) | |
A pavilion with the Late Classicism style facades was constructed in 1827-1830 to the design of V.M. Gornostayev . At first it was intended for summer pastime of children of Emperor Nicholas I: the Heir and Tsesarevich Alexander Nikolayevich ... | | A pavilion with the Late Classicism style facades was constructed in 1827-1830 to the design of V.M. Gornostayev . At first it was intended for summer pastime of children of Emperor Nicholas I: the Heir and Tsesarevich Alexander Nikolayevich, the future Emperor Alexander II, and Olga, Maria, Alexandra, three his sisters. A lounge, located in the center of the house, was used for joint games. Four small rooms, for the each of the children, were located on every lounge sides. Wooden partitions between rooms could be slid apart. Interiors with small children’s furniture were decorated with modeling, plafonds were covered with the fancy painting in Louis XIV style. Children’s House was located in the terrace of the artificial Children Island in the center of the Children’s Pond. Ferries carrying people to Children’s House went across the pond between granite piers. The house and island were the favourite place for games of children of Alexander III and Nicholas II . There was an original “children’s ground” with the landscape planning, toys and garden tools, a ”cape of kind Sasha”, a grove, planted by emperor’s children, marble busts of teachers of Alexander II, the poet V.A. Zhukovsky and K.K. Merder.
Persons Alexander II, Emperor Alexander III, Emperor Gornostaev Vasily Maximovich Nicholas II, Emperor Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich
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CHINA-VILLAGE (PUSHKIN), an architectural monument, part of the Tsarskoe Selo Palace and Park Ensemble, divided by Podkapriznaya Road from Catherine Park. Constructed in 1782-98 (architect A. Rinaldi, C ... | | CHINA-VILLAGE (PUSHKIN), an architectural monument, part of the Tsarskoe Selo Palace and Park Ensemble, divided by Podkapriznaya Road from Catherine Park. Constructed in 1782-98 (architect A. Rinaldi, C. Cameron), it encompasses twelve single-story Chinese style houses, intended to accommodate courtiers. An eight-faced two-tired pagoda was to become the compositional centre of the China-village ensemble, but was never built. The China-village was reconstructed in 1817-22 (architect V.P. Stasov) and in 1859-61 (architect I.A. Monighetti). The Grand Caprice Pavilion, the Creaking Pavilion (1778-82, architect Y.M. Felten), a number of bridges and the Chinese Theatre in Alexander park were constructed in the same style as China Village. The China-Village complex was extensively damaged during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. In the 1990s restoration was carried out, the houses were converted to an elite hotel; a pagoda was erected according to the original plans. See also Tsarskoe Selo article. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Cameron Charles Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich Rinaldi Antonio Stasov Vasily Petrovich
| | | | hidden Court Cathedral of Our Lady Feodorovskaya | |
COURT CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY FEODOROVSKAYA in Tsarskoe Selo, located at 32 Akademichesky Avenue, Pushkin, an architectural monument, attached to the unfinished complex of Feodorovsky settlement ... | | COURT CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY FEODOROVSKAYA in Tsarskoe Selo, located at 32 Akademichesky Avenue, Pushkin, an architectural monument, attached to the unfinished complex of Feodorovsky settlement. Construction works commissioned by the Imperial family were undertaken in 1909-12, to the designs of architect V. A. Pokrovsky, who took the Holy Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin as a model. The building includes the Upper Church consecrated in the name of the Icon of Our Lady Feodorovskaya, which was a sacred, ancestral icon belonging the Romanov Dynasty, and the Lower (Cave) Church of St. Seraphim of Sarov. The facades are adorned with mosaic panels made in the workshop of V. A. Frolov. The five-tier iconostasis of the Upper Church contains icons made in Moscow in the workshop of N. S. Emelyanov according to ancient patterns, it can currently be seen in the Museum of Religious History. The church plates were made to look like those of the 17th century and were produced by Olovyanishnikov’s Company. The Lower church is decorated according to the plans of architect V. L. Maximov with 17th century icons. The walls were upholstered with dark textile and ornamented with polychrome patterns (artists I. P. Pashkov and V. S. Shcherbakov). The cathedral treasured the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov. The Imperial family of Emperor Nicholas II usually prayed here (there was also a separate chapel for the Empress). The cathedral was originally owned by His Imperial Majesty’s Escort and Household Infantry Regiment, which guarded the Imperial residence, but was transferred to government ownership in 1914. At the beginning of 1934, the cathedral was closed down and turned into a cinema theatre, decorations were either taken to museums or ransacked. In the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the building was extensively damaged, later it functioned as a storehouse. In 1985-95, restoration was carried out. In February 1992, services in the Lower church were resumed, and in the summer of 1996 services started in the Upper church as well. In 1993, a bronze bust of Emperor Nicholas II (sculptor V. V. Zayko) was unveiled next to Court Cathedral of Our Lady Feodorovskaya. References: Мещанинов М. Ю. Храмы Царского Села, Павловска и их ближайших окрестностей. СПб., 2000. С. 41-52; Кузнецов В. В. "Вспоминаю наш храм..." // С.-Петерб. епарх. ведомости. 2001. № 24. С. 77-87; Черновская Л. Ф. Государев собор // Там же. С. 88-95; Феодоровский Государев собор / Авт. текста: Л. В. Бардовская, Г. Д. Ходасевич. СПб., 2002. V. V. Antonov.
Persons Emelyanov Nikolay Sergeevich Frolov Vladimir Alexandrovich Nicholas II, Emperor Olovyanishnikov P.I. Pashkov Ivan Vasilievich Pokrovsky Vladimir Alexandrovich Shcherbakov Valentin Semenovich Zayko Viktor Vladimirovich
Addresses Akademichesky Avenue/Pushkin, town, house 32
| | | | hidden Cuirassier Life Guards His Majesty’s Regiment | |
CUIRASSIER LIFE GUARDS HIS MAJESTY’S REGIMENT, Cavalry Guards Regiment, raised in 1702 as the Dragoon Prince Grigory Volkonsky’s Regiment, from 1708 Yaroslavsky Dragoon Regiment ... | | CUIRASSIER LIFE GUARDS HIS MAJESTY’S REGIMENT, Cavalry Guards Regiment, raised in 1702 as the Dragoon Prince Grigory Volkonsky’s Regiment, from 1708 Yaroslavsky Dragoon Regiment, from 1733 Cuirassier Bevernsky Regiment (in honour of Duke Anton Ulrich Brunswick-Bevern, from 1738 the Braunshvaygsky Cuirassier Regiment, from 1761 His Majesty’s Life Guards Regiment (patron – Emperor Peter III), from 1762 the Cuirassier the Heir’s Regiment (patron – Grand Prince Pavel Petrovich), from 1796 His Majesty’s Life Cuirassier Regiment (patron – Emperor Pavel I). In 1813 was assigned to the Guards, was bestowed the privilege of the Old Guards and named the Cuirassier Life Guards Regiment. In 1831 it was united with the Podolsky Cuirassier Life Guards Regiment and named the His Majesty’s Cuirassier Life Guards Regiment. The Regiment took part in the wars with Sweden 1700-21, 1741-43, and 1788-90, in the Prut Campaign of 1711, in the Seven Years War of 1756-63, the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, wars with France in 1805, 1806-07, and 1812-14, in the suppressing of the Polish Uprising of 1830-31. From 1831 was stationed in Tsarskoe Selo (hence the informal name Tsarskoselsky Cuirassiers). In contrast to Her Majesty’s Life Guards Regiment (blue cuirassiers), this regiment was called the yellow cuirassiers (for the colour of their uniform cloth). The quarters of the regiment were located in the neighbourhood bordered by Stesselevskaya (present-day Krasnoy Zvezdy), Ogorodnaya, and Artilleriyskaya Streets and Cadetsky Boulevard. The regiment’s church was St. Julian of Tarsus Church (7 Kadetsky Boulevard; 1896-99, architects V.N. Kuritsyn, S.A. Danini). During WW I the regiment within the 1st Guards Cavalry Division was dispatched to the North-Western front. In early 1918 the regiment was disbanded. Reference: Туган-Мирза-Барановский А. А. История Лейб-гвардии Кирасирского Его Величества полка. СПб., 1872. A. N. Lukirsky.
Persons Danini Silvio Amvrosievich Kuritsyn Vladimir Nikolaevich Paul (Pavel) I, Emperor Peter III, Emperor Volkonsky Grigory Petrovich, Duke
Addresses Artilleriiskaya Street/Pushkin, town Kadetsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town Kadetsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town, house 7 Krasnaya Zvezda Street/Pushkin, town Ogorodnaya Street/Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden Feodorovsky Settlement (Pushkin Town) | |
FEODOROVSKY SETTLEMENT, an architectural ensemble of the town of Pushkin, to the north-west from the Alexandrovsky Park. It was constructed in the Neo-Russian style on the initiative of Emperor Nicholas II and encompasses the Court Cathedral of Our ... | | FEODOROVSKY SETTLEMENT, an architectural ensemble of the town of Pushkin, to the north-west from the Alexandrovsky Park. It was constructed in the Neo-Russian style on the initiative of Emperor Nicholas II and encompasses the Court Cathedral of Our Lady Fedorovskaya, the Whitestone (for the priests of the cathedral), the Pink (for deacons), the Yellow (for prichetniks (religious officials below the rank of a deacon)) and the White (for lowest religious officials) chambers, the Refectory (1913-1917, architect S.S. Krichinsky), the Ratnaya (military) chamber (1913-1917, architect S.Y. Sidorchuk) and the Church of Our Lady Fedorovskaya His Imperial Majesty’s Own Escort (essentially it was a Domestic Chapel of the Imperial Family). The architecture of the ensemble features motifs of the 17th century Moscow-Yaroslavl architecture. In the course of Feodorovsky Settlement construction, the Society of the Artistic Rus Renaissance (1915 - October of 1917) was established, its meetings took place in the Refectory Chamber (chairman Count A.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, members: artists A.M.Vasnetsov and V.M. Vasnetsov, I.Y. Bilibin, M.V. Nesterov and others). When the First World War broke out, military hospital No.17 was arranged in Feodorovsky Settlement, being under the patronage of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna and the Grand Princesses (from April 1916 there S.A. Esenin did military service). In 1918, the complex of Feodorovsky Settlement was given over to the Agronomical Institute, ravaged and partially destroyed in the years of German occupation (1941-1944). Since 1976, reconstruction works have been being carried out, since 1994 Feodorovsky Settlement has been being restored as Patriarchs' Manor. References: Синей Л. И. Из истории Федоровского городка (1913-1918): По материалам РГИА // Малые города России: Культура. Традиции: Материалы науч.-практ. конф. М.; СПб., 1994. С. 20-22; Федотов А. С. Праздники и концерты в Федоровском городке Царского Села (1914-1917 гг.) // Петербургские чтения-97. СПб., 1997. С. 665-670. Y. M. Piryutko
Persons Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress Bilibin Ivan Yakovlevich Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich Krichinsky Stepan Samoilovich Nesterov Mikhail Vasilievich Shirinsky-Shikhmatov Alexey Alexandrovich Sidorchuk S.Y. Vasnetsov Apollinary Mikhailovich Vasnetsov Viktor Mikhailovich
Addresses Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden Gatchina (Orlov) Gates, monument | |
Pushkin Town, Parkovaya Street, South-West part of the Catherine Park. By the architect Antonio Rinaldi (1709-1794) Gatchina (Orlov) Gates were erected in 1777-1782 on the place of the temporary wooden triumphal arch ... | | Pushkin Town, Parkovaya Street, South-West part of the Catherine Park. By the architect Antonio Rinaldi (1709-1794) Gatchina (Orlov) Gates were erected in 1777-1782 on the place of the temporary wooden triumphal arch. Materials : Siberia grey marble - facing of the Gates; Tivdy pink marble – columns, panels; forging iron, bronze – doors of the Gates; gilt copper – types. Inscriptions: Inscription on the attic, from the side of Gatchina Road : "Moscow has been delivered from misfortune by Orlov"; Inscription on the attic, from the side of the park: " In 1771 the plague and disturbances were in Moscow, General Count Grigory Orlov was sent to Moscow, according his requst, and he arranged the order and obedience, he stopped the plague by his management and gave the food and healing for poor men". The Gatchina Gates was the first sample of a triumphal arch in Russian architecture that was built using the durable materials and with using the samples of the Ancient Roman architecture. The inscription on the South attic is the quote from the poem of the poet V.I. Maikov addressed to G.G. Orlov; the inscription on the opposite side maybe was made by Catherine II. Forging doors of the Gates with the rolled bronze decorations were made at the Sestroretsk plants.
Persons Catherine II, Empress Maykov Vasily Ivanovich Orlov Grigory Grigorievich, Count Rinaldi Antonio
Addresses Parkovaya Street/Pushkin, town в юго-западной части Екатерининского парка
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KAZANSKOE CEMETERY. Cemetery in the town of Pushkin (1 Gusarskaya Street). The area consists of 35 hectares. It has existed from 1785. It is named after the Kazan Church and Burial Vault (1785-1790), built over the crypt of A.D ... | | KAZANSKOE CEMETERY. Cemetery in the town of Pushkin (1 Gusarskaya Street). The area consists of 35 hectares. It has existed from 1785. It is named after the Kazan Church and Burial Vault (1785-1790), built over the crypt of A.D. Lanskoy (1758-1784), who held the favour of Empress Catherine II. The mausoleum, bell tower and gates at the fence have all survived. To the South of the Orthodox Kazanskoe Cemetery sections for other denominations are situated, including the Lutheran, Muslim, and Jewish sections, which were later united. In 1914-1916, the Communal Cemetery for Soldiers was arranged in the cemetery"s northwest section (not preserved). Common graves and graves of participants of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 were placed in the eastern part. The high Yuryevsky Princes family crypt has survived (1879, Y.F. Bruni), as has the Orlov-Davydov Counts rotunda-mausoleum (1910, A.A. Grubbe). Also buried at Kazanskoe cemetery are the poet I.F. Annensky, artist P.P. Chistyakov, Lithuanian poet Y. Yanonis (tomb stone by sculptor B. Vishnyauskas, 1963), writers O.D. Forsch, A.R. Belyaev, S.M. Alyansky, T.G. Gnedich, T.K. Galushko, and M.P. Rudenskaya (historian of the Pushkin Lyceum Museum), cameraman A.N. Moskvin, and artist O.N. Gildebrand-Arbenina. References: Пирютко Ю. М. Царскосельский некрополь // Петербургские чтения-96. СПб., 1996. С. 278-280; Казанское кладбище в Царском Селе/Сост.: А. Ю. Егоров, Н. А. Давыдова. СПб., 2003. Y. M. Piryutko.
Persons Alyansky Samuil Mironovich Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich Belyaev Alexander Romanovich Bruni Yuly Fedorovich Catherine II, Empress Chistyakov Pavel Petrovich Forsh Olga Dmitrievna Galushko Tatyana Konstantinovna Gildebrand-Arbenina Olga Nikolaevna Gnedich Tatyana Grigorievna Grube Artur Alexandrovich Lanskoy Alexander Dmitrievich Moskvin Andrey Nikolaevich Rudenskaya Marina Petrovna the Orlov-Davydovs the Yuryevskys, Dukes Vishnyauskas Bronyus Danelyaus Yanonis Yulyus
Addresses Gusarskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 1
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LYCEUM, Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum renamed Alexandrovsky Lyceum in 1843, a privileged higher education institution providing training for state officials. It was founded in 1810 and opened on 19 October 1811 ... | | LYCEUM, Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum renamed Alexandrovsky Lyceum in 1843, a privileged higher education institution providing training for state officials. It was founded in 1810 and opened on 19 October 1811, in the wing of the Catherine Palace built by architect V. P. Stasov. The lyceum enrolled boys from the nobility aged 10 to 12. Initially under the control of the Ministry of Public Education, it was placed under the Military Department in 1822 and the Department of Establishments of Empress Maria in 1843. It was transferred to St. Petersburg on 1 January 1844, to be situated in the former Alexandrinsky Orphan's Home at 21 Kamennoostrovsky Avenue built by architect L. I. Charlemagne in 1832-34. The education consisted of six years, junior classes receiving high school education and senior classes receiving university education. The lyceum had a Noble Boarding School attached to it in 1814-29 and a preparatory class from 1882. Among the teachers were V. F. Malinovsky, E. A. Engelgardt, A. P. Kunitsyn, N. F. Koshansky, and A. I. Galich. The curriculum mainly comprised of the humanities, especially law, also focusing on physical training, music, and drawing. Military education gave lyceum graduates the same rights as graduates of the Page Corps. The first class graduated in 1817, which included among its graduates Alexander Pushkin, A. M. Gorchakov, K. K. Danzas, A. A. Delwig, M. A. Korf, V. K. Kuchelbecker, F. F. Matyushkin, and I. I. Pushchin. It had 74 classes of graduates in 107 years totalling about two thousand people, among them prominent statesmen, public figures, scientists, and writers, including M. V. Petrashevsky, K. S. Veselovsky, A. V. Golovin, N. Y. Danilevsky, K. K. Grot, Y. K. Grot, A. B. Lobanov-Rostovsky, L. A. Mey, M. K. Reitern, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, D. A. Tolstoy, M. L. Yakovlev, et al. The lyceum opened the Pushkin Museum in the 1840s, and the Pushkin Library was opened in 1879, and Pushkin Lyceum Society founded in 1899, as well as a Lyceum Library made up of works written by its pupils. It was closed in 1917 by decree of the Provisional Government, and a group of lyceum graduates were condemned for a trumped-up case in 1925 (see Lyceum Graduates' Case). The lyceum building now accommodates the Alexandrovsky Vocational Lyceum, which provides elementary and secondary vocational education. Reference: Егоров А. Д. Императорский Александровский (бывш. Царскосельский) лицей: В 3 ч. Иваново, 1995; Руденская С. Д. Царскосельский - Александровский лицей, 1811-1817. СПб., 1999; Павлова С. В. Императорский Александровский (бывш. Царскосельский) лицей. СПб., 2002. А. P. Kupaygorodskaya.
Persons Charlemagne Ludwig Iosifovich Danilevsky Nikolay Yakovlevich Danzas Konstantin Karlovich Delwig Anton Antonovich Engelgardt Egor Antonovich Galich Alexander Ivanovich Golovnin Alexander Vasilievich Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich, Duke Grot Konstantin Karlovich Grot Yakov Karlovich Korf Modest Andreevich, Count Koshansky Nikolay Fedorovich Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich Kunitsyn Alexander Petrovich Lobanov-Rostovsky Alexey Borisovich, Duke Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich Matyushkin Fedor Fedorovich Mey Lev Alexandrovich Petrashevsky (Butashevich-Petrashevsky) Mikhail Vasilievich Pushchin Ivan Ivanovich Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich Reitern Mikhail Khristoforovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (real name Saltykov) Mikhail Evgrafovich Stasov Vasily Petrovich Tolstoy Dmitry Andreevich, Count Veselovsky Konstantin Stepanovich Yakovlev Mikhail Lukianovich
Addresses Kamennoostrovsky Ave/Saint Petersburg, city, house 21 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 2
| | | | hidden Menagerie (an ensemble of the Alexander Park) | |
The oldest part of the park, founded as the Menagerie, occupied more than a half of the Alexander Park territory. The area for the Menagerie has been chosen as early as 1710 ... | | The oldest part of the park, founded as the Menagerie, occupied more than a half of the Alexander Park territory. The area for the Menagerie has been chosen as early as 1710, the date coincides with the first visit of Peter I and Catherine to “Saari Mois”. During 1718-1723 gardendesigners Ya. Roozen and I. Fokht laid out the area of the Menagerie. According to the landscape design the Menagerie can be named the second “wild grove” in the Tsarskoye Selo escape. The Menagerie area was three times greater than the regular garden of that time. A square plot of spruce forest with sides about 1 verst (3500 ft. ) was enclosed with a wooden palisade and ditch. The Menagerie was located on the central axis of the stone mansion but in the distance 400 sazhens (852 metres) from it. A vista road, with lime tree planted along it, led to it. In the middle of every Menagerie sides there were lattice cabinet-work gates with wickets. In the center there was an open lattice garden-house which was set on an artificial hill. Under the garden-house there was covered up with earth stone cellar where stores for hunting were saved. Clearings (so-called “Plezir”) led from the garden-house to the gates and corners. The Zverinochny Pond, where there were pikes, was dug on the Kioke River (or Kuzminka) which flowed there. A mill dam was constructed and a mill shed and granary were built on the dam. Deer, elks, Siberian deer, wild boars were placed in the Menagerie from the beginning, sometimes hares were added. Special workers were responsible for supervising animals as far as the palisade. They worked under the direction of the senior forester. In addition the senior forester supervised forests in all country-houses of Tsarskoye Selo. The Palace sloboda peasants were contracted to supply moss for feeding up animals, hay was brought from the palace stables. In autumn black grouse hunting, using stuffed birds from disguised with fir branches boxes on sledge, was the most attractive amusement. Catherine I, Peter II, Princess Elizabeth with courtiers liked hunting elks, deer, foxes, hares and stuffed birds in Tsarskoye Selo. In 1750-1752 according to the design of Rastrelli the hunting lands were fenced with the stone fence of 4.5 arshine (about 3.2 metres) instead of the wooden palisade. In the middles of the fence sides there were passages, two fronts crossed the Kuzminka River. So called Menagerie (Zverinets) line of the Upper hothouses, been here from 1722, bordered with the south-eastern front from the outside. According to rules of military engineering the engineer Pyetr Ostrovsky built four bulwarks crowned with lusthauses in the corners of the stone fence. Diagonal clearings which were begun at the Monbijow ground to the lusthauses. The Tsarskoye Selo Menagerie was used for presentations . According to the court ceremonial hunting for the diplomatic corps and other guests of high rank were organized in the Tsarskoye Selo Menagerie. Empress Elisabeth received ambassadors of France and Austria in the pavilion Monbijow that was richly decorated with pictures of hunting plots. . Keeping wild animals in captivity, hunting and high perimeter fence was unacceptable for ideas of landscape parks which became popular and it changed the attitude to menageries. New landscape parks were often begun to create on these areas. The Alexander Park is one of example of this. During the rule of Catherine II, who herself was a lover of hunting, the hunting grounds were located in Tsarskoye Selo environments in forests on the Slavyanka River banks and then in Gatchina Town. Gradually the Menagerie fell into neglect and only in 1799 Emperor Paul I ordered to introduce order in the forest, to repair the Monbijow, the Menagerie roads and clearings, but works were stopped in 1801. In 1803 Alexander I ordered to give a part of the Menagerie area for experiments of The Forestry School organized in Sophia Town. In March 1814 a gardening school or a nursery for trees, that were needed for planting on the vast territory of the creating Alexander Park, was opened. In addition to old clearings landscape roads and paths were paved in the Menagerie during 1819-1823. The east bulwark, surrounded with a ditch, was preserved and included in the new landscape composition of the park. The Menagerie wall and three bulwarks were knocked down, their places were laid out, ditches were filled up. Bricks and stones, remained after dismantling, were used for constructing new buildings: the White Tower, the Chapelle, the Farm group, the Menagerie line of Green Houses, pavilions for llamas and elephants. These pavilions served as the peculiar marking of the borders of the Menagerie territory.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Catherine I, Empress Catherine II, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Foсht I. Ostrovsky, Pyetr Paul (Pavel) I, Emperor Peter I, Emperor Rastrelli Francesco de Roozen Yan
Addresses Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden Pushkin, 1 Sadovaya Sreet, the Lyceum, a commemorative plaque | |
“The Imperial Lyceum was placed in this building from 1811 until 1843”1911 – January 1912. ... | | | | | | | hidden | | |
PUSHKIN DACHA MUSEUM (Pushkin Town, 2 Pushkinskaya Street) is a branch of the All-Russian Pushkin Museum. It was established in 1958 in the one-storied wooden building, which had earlier belonged to Court Valet Y ... | | PUSHKIN DACHA MUSEUM (Pushkin Town, 2 Pushkinskaya Street) is a branch of the All-Russian Pushkin Museum. It was established in 1958 in the one-storied wooden building, which had earlier belonged to Court Valet Y. Kataev, near the Lyceum and Catherine's Park (1827, architect V. M. Gornostaev). Pushkin spent here the first summer after his wedding, from May to October 1831 (memorial plaque). The house was extended at the end of the 19th century. It was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 and reconstructed in 1949. The house was restored again in 1967. The ground floor housed a scullery, a dining room, a boudoir of the poet's wife, Natalya Nikolaevna, a bedroom and two guest rooms. The mezzanine floor housed a study. It was here that Pushkin finished The Fairy Tale of Tsar Saltan and wrote the letter of Onegin to Tatyana, and the poems entitled The More the Lyceum Celebrates..., Echo, Before the Holy Grave, To Slanderers of Russia, and Anniversary of Borodino. He prepared his Belkin’s Stories here for publication. V. A. Zhukovsky, N. V. Gogol, and A. O. Smirnova-Rosset visited the poet's home. A. O. Smirnova-Rosset described the poet's study in her memoirs. References: Тихонов Л. П. Музеи Ленинграда. Л., 1989. С. 216-217; Музеи Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской области: Справ. СПб., 2002. С. 51-52. A. D. Margolis.
Persons Gogol Nikolay Vasilievich Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich Smirnova-Rosset Alexandra Osipovna Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich
Addresses Pushkinskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 2
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The Separate Park with the Colonist Pond ( it is situated along Pavlovsk Road). It was laying out by the architect A.A.Menelaws and gardeners F.F. Lyamin and I.F. Piper in 1824 - 1825. It was partly replaned in the middle of the 19th cent ... | | | | | | | hidden Service Wings of the Barracks for Disabled Veterans | |
Two stone service wings of the Disabled Veterans Barracks constitute the remains of the architectural ensemble, which was located here before, built by V.P. Stasov in 1821-1822 for placing Life Guard Disabled companies ... | | Two stone service wings of the Disabled Veterans Barracks constitute the remains of the architectural ensemble, which was located here before, built by V.P. Stasov in 1821-1822 for placing Life Guard Disabled companies. Companies have been formed, according to Alexander I’s order, from the soldiers received injuries in battles of the War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. Old soldiers served according to their possibilities at the guard posts in the imperial Tsarskoye Selo residence. Five wooden barracks, one for officers and four for soldiers, were intended for them in Kolpinskaya Street. Two stone outbuildings and a water-dispensing pools of the town water supply system were built in the heart of the yard. In the first floor of the soldier’s outbuilding (9 Pushkinskaya Street) there were laundries with stoves and boilers for heating water, below there were ice-rooms, and over them in the mezzanine there were rooms for provision and a hothouse. In the officer’s outbuilding (13-a Pushkinskaya Street) there was a shed for carriages, stable for six horses and ice-rooms. In the mezzanine floor over the stable there was a room for storing hay, other rooms were used for storing grain and other economy needs. In 1859 in connection with the reorganization of the companies of Disabled Veterans, their barracks were transferred to other departments. A civilian guard team was placed in the service wings, later a garden team including fifty people was placed here. One of the wooden soldier barracks also survived (19 Pushkinskaya Street) and it was transferred to the peasant I.A. Yuzikhin. In 1869 the building was accommodated by A.F. Vidov for a dwelling house with nice facades in eclecticism forms.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Stasov Vasily Petrovich Vidov Alexander Fomich
| | | | hidden St. Catherine’s Cathedral in Tsarskoe Selo | |
ST. CATHERINE’S CATHEDRAL IN TSARSKOE SELO designed in Russian-Byzantine style by architect K. A. Ton, constructed on Sobornaya Square in 1835-40. In 1851-52, the side-altars were consecrated. The cathedral could hold 2,000 people ... | | ST. CATHERINE’S CATHEDRAL IN TSARSKOE SELO designed in Russian-Byzantine style by architect K. A. Ton, constructed on Sobornaya Square in 1835-40. In 1851-52, the side-altars were consecrated. The cathedral could hold 2,000 people. Facades of the five-dome building were finished with zakomaras (semicircular gables) with small semicircular windows; the entrance was constructed with an isometric tunnel entrance. The icons of the main iconostasis were painted by F. A. Bruni, A. E. Egorov, F. P. Brullo and others. The altar was adorned with religious paintings: Crucifixion by A. Van Dyck and Madonna in Glory by P. Veronese. Major-General Y. V. Zakharov, who took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, was interred in the crypt of the St. Catherine’s Cathedral; Protopresbyter Ioann Kochurov was also buried there in 1917, having been killed by Bolsheviks. He was later canonised, a wooden cross was mounted on his grave in 1995. In 1939, the Catherine Cathedral was destroyed, a park was laid out on its territory. References: Царскосельский Екатерининский собор, 1840-1890 гг. СПб., 1890; Мещанинов М. Ю. Храмы Царского Села, Павловска и их ближайших окрестностей. СПб., 2000. С. 23-31. V. V. Antonov.
Persons Brullo Fedor Pavlovich Bruni Fedor (Fidelis) Antonovich Egorov Alexey Egorovich Ioann Kochurov, Archpriest Ton Konstantin Andreevich Van Dyck Anthonie Veronese Paolo Zakharov Ya.V.
| | | | hidden The Admiralty (“Holland”) | |
The architectural ensemble of the Admiralty or “Holland” consisted of three pavilions and Sailor’s house was included in the Great Pond view of the Catherine park ... | | The architectural ensemble of the Admiralty or “Holland” consisted of three pavilions and Sailor’s house was included in the Great Pond view of the Catherine park. Earlier, from the times of Elizabeth Petrovna in different secluded parts of the park there was a wooden shed where was a boat for the Empress’s boating on the lake and sailor crew lived, as well as a shed for aquatic birds. Instead of broken sheds during 1773-1777 V.I. Neyelov built stone buildings with the Gothic style facades. Towers, lancet windows, merlon gables and parapets, red brick facing were used for creating the Gothic style. White decorative moulded details and surrounds of windows formed the elegant and well-decorated viewing. The plinth wall was made of dark-red Shoksha porphyry was chosen to match the colour of the façade. The ensemble was devoted to the annexing of ancient Taurida to the Russian Empire. The middle pavilion was used as a Boat shed where the Tsarskoye Selo flotilla boats were kept in the ground floor. In summer time the boats were given for boating in the Great Lake to all people who was interested in it, they even queued at the Great Pier. Inside there was a model of the seventy-gun navy ship “Leipzig”, a South-American boat-pirogue, oars and another rigging that was kept here in winter. The Large Hall, decorated with white glazed Holland style tiles, occupied the first floor. English etchings and drawings, pictures with depicting ruins, the famous Gottorpsky Globe was can seen here. The identical side pavilions of the Admiralty – the Bird Houses – were used for keeping birds: swans, pheasants, geese and ducks of especially exotic species. In small decorative yards and in a pavilion there were pools for the wintering of birds. During his morning walks, Alexander I liked to feed birds by himself, he put on a special glove for feeding.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Neelov Vasily Ivanovich
| | | | hidden The Alms-House of Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna for disabled soldiers in the Babolovsky Park. | |
The idea of creating an alms-house for disabled soldiers who got injures during the Russo-Japanese War belonged to Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna. A nice plot of the Babolovsky Park on the meadow at the Crimea Column was allotted for construction of ... | | The idea of creating an alms-house for disabled soldiers who got injures during the Russo-Japanese War belonged to Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna. A nice plot of the Babolovsky Park on the meadow at the Crimea Column was allotted for construction of the Alms-House for disabled soldiers in 1905. The building was quick constructed to the design of the the architect S.A. Danini and in 1906 the alms-house has already been consecrated and opened. In a year the decoration of the interior of the domestic church was completed, it was consecrated in the name of the Tsarina Alexandra the Great Martyr. The Empress herself took part in the development of the project of the building for 150 people. According to the Empress’s idea, the workshops were equipped for disabled soldiers. They were taught timbering by masters of the famous factory of F.F. Melzer, sewing by Follenveider, one of the best tailor of Saint Petersburg. Appartments for masters were placed in the alms-house, but their salaries were paid by the owners of factories. Masters for teaching knitting, basketry, shoemaking, bookbinding, laundering were engaging by the alms-house administration. The sewing and knitting trainees got Zinger sewing-machines. Near the main building there was a small house for two families of the disabled as well as a woman sewing workshop, a day nursery and small school which was directed by a priest of the alms-house (there were about a hundred children of the disabled and employees of the alms-house). In 1914-1915 in connection with World War I the alms-house was enlarged according to S.A. Danini’s project and in addition a hospital for wounded men was equipped for money and under the the patronage of Alexandra Fiodorovna. 170 beds for wounded men, operating-rooms, dressing rooms and the X-ray room were placed here. Small one-storied houses with double-pitch roofs according to the military engineer K. Griboyedov’s project were built in the heart of the park behind the Babolovsky cutting. The English company “Esteltors” took part in building, the company used the newest building technology, they used concrete blocks for building. The houses were intended for living families of the disable who worked as the park wardens. By the early 1917 ten houses were constructed, one of them for living masters of Melzer and “Henry”. Only three such houses in the Babolovsky Park were survived. The aslm-house for disabled soldiers was closed in 1920, however, the establishment which was placed here is also medico-humanitarian: the clinic if the first-rate research children orthopaedic institute named after G.I. Turner.
Persons Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress Danini Silvio Amvrosievich Follenveider Griboyedov, Konstantin Dmitriyevich Meltser, F.F.
| | | | hidden The Arsenal (Monbijou) (an ensemble of the Alexander Park). | |
The pavilion Arsenal (Monbijou) is located in the Alexander Park of the town of Pushkin. During 1747-1750 in the center of the Menagerie architects S.I. Chevakinsky and F.-B ... | | The pavilion Arsenal (Monbijou) is located in the Alexander Park of the town of Pushkin. During 1747-1750 in the center of the Menagerie architects S.I. Chevakinsky and F.-B. Rastrelli built the hunting-lodge Monbijou (monbijou means my treasure), one of the best park pavilions in the Elizabethian baroque style. It was one of a pair for the Hermitage and had luxuriously decorated facades and interiors. The Arsenal was towered over eight-corner ground, located on the same axis as the Hermitage, and surrounded with a canal too. Diagonal clearings were cut from the Monbijow to corner bulwarks of the fence of Menagerie. The Empress received Ambassadors of France and Austria in the pavilion Monbijow, that was richly decorated with pictures of hunting plot. The hunting pleasure-lodge Monbijow got dilapidated after a time. During 1817-1834 it was rebuilt by architects A. Menelaws and K. Thorn. The central two-storeyed volume of the Monbijow was done the base of the new composite design. It is considered that architectural motifs of the castle Shrubs-Hill, a Gothic style castle in England which was known according to etchings, were used for decorating facades. The building was transformed into a museum after rebuilding. Emperor Nicholas I ordered to place a magnificent collection of arms, armours, eastern saddle-clothes and he ordered to name the pavilion with the new name as Arsenal. Later the collections of the pavilion Arsenal were transferred to the Imperial Hermitage and other museums. Models of Russian mounted regiments uniforms were placed in the pavilion. Besides collections of glass and porcelain objects of the Imperial porcelain Works were exhibited there. The pavilion Arsenal (Monbijow) was partly destroyed during WWII and it has not been restored yet.
Persons Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich Menelas Adam Adamovich Nicholas I, Emperor Rastrelli Francesco de Thorn, Aleksandr Andreyevich
Addresses Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden The Babolovo Palace (an ensemble of the Babolovo Park) | |
Catherine II walking along the Taitsi water supply system noticed a nice hill on the Kuzminka River right bank. It was situated near the village of Babolovo aside of the Babolovo cutting. In 1780 a wooden house with outbuildings were built there ... | | Catherine II walking along the Taitsi water supply system noticed a nice hill on the Kuzminka River right bank. It was situated near the village of Babolovo aside of the Babolovo cutting. In 1780 a wooden house with outbuildings were built there. A stone building with the bathing hall and marble bath was built in 1783-1785 at this place by the architect I.V. Neyelov, the author of bath pavilions in the Catherine Park. The main interiors for resting were painted by F.D. Danilov. Iogann (John) Bush laid out a small landscape garden. In the 1810-1820s the palace and garden were included in the landscape composition of the Babolovo Park newly-created by F.F. Lyamin. In 1824-1829 the bathing hall was rebuilt to the design of V.P. Stasov and under the direction of V.M. Gornostayev for installing the huge bath which was cut out of Serdobolsky granite by the stonemason S.K. Sukhanov’s team. Emperors Alexander I, Alexander II , Nicholas II liked to include the Babolovo palace and park in their walking tours. During the war the palace was destroyed with a fire and has not been restored yet. The bathroom hall with the bricked vault and Sukhanov’s bath have been survived.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Alexander II, Emperor Bush Iogann Catherine II, Empress Gornostaev Vasily Maximovich Lyamin, F.F. Neelov Ilya Vasilievich Nicholas II, Emperor Stasov Vasily Petrovich Sukhanov Samson Xenofontovich
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