IOFFE Abram Fedorovich (1880-I960, Leningrad), physicist, organiser of science, Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1916), the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920), the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925; Vice-President in 1926-29 and in 1942-45), Honoured Worker of Science of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1933), Hero of Socialist Labour (1955). Graduated from the Petersburg Technological Institute (1902) and Munich University (1905), where he worked under the supervision of W.K. Rontgen. Lived in St. Petersburg from 1906, working at the Polytechnic Institute as a professor in 1913-48 at 29 Politekhnicheskaya Street (memorial plaque installed). In 1918, he created the Physics and Technology Department at the State Institute of Roentgenology and Radiology, directing it until 1951; he also headed the Physics and Technology Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Later, a number of new scientific research institutes developed on the basis of this institute and on Ioffe's initiative. In 1919-23, he chaired the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Petrograd Industry; in 1924-30, he chaired the All-Union Association of Physicists; and from 1932 he directed the Agrophysical Institute at 14 Grazhdansky Avenue (memorial plaque installed). When the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 broke out, he was appointed chairman of the Defence Technology Commission. From 1952, he directed the Semi-Conductors Laboratory, known from 1955 as the Institute of Semi-Conductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, at 10 Kutuzova Embankment (memorial plaque installed). Ioffe's main work was devoted to solid-state physics. His and his students' work laid the foundation for the physics and mechanics of semi-conductors. Ioffe was acclaimed as the head of an entire sub-field of physicists. Among his honours are the Stalin Prize (1942) and the Lenin Prize (1961, posthumously). Buried at Literatorskie Mostky. In 1964, a monument to Ioffe (sculptor G.D. Glickman) was placed in front of the building of the Physics and Technology Institute (2 Politekhnicheskaya Street).

References: Соминский М. С. А. Ф. Иоффе. М.; Л., 1964; Абрам Федорович Иоффе (1880-1960). 2-е изд. М., 1981.

O. N. Ansberg.

SHOSTAKOVICH Dmitry Dmitrievich (1906, St. Petersburg. - 1975), composer, pianist, pedagogue, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). Honorary Doctor of Oxford (1958) and of many other foreign universities and academies. Graduated from Petrograd Conservatory as a pianist (studied under L.V. Nikolaev, 1923) and a composer (studied under M.O. Steinberg, 1925). In 1923-25 he worked as a ballroom pianist at the Svetlaya Lenta Cinema (today Barricade, 15 Nevsky Prospect), Crystal Palace (72 Nevsky Prospect), Splendid Palace (today Cinema House, 12 Karavannaya Street), and Piccadilly (today Avrora, 60 Nevsky Prospect). In 1929-31 he composed music for plays staged at the Theatre for Working Youth. In 1929 Shostakovich began collaborating with the Music-Hall, and directors from Lenfilm, such as G.M. Kozintsev, L.Z. Trauberg, L.O. Arnstam, and S. I. Yutkevich. He wrote music for the films Alone, Golden Mountains, Passenger, and the Maxim Trilogy. Later he returned to the fruitful association with Kozintsev, composing music for his films Hamlet (1964) and King Lear (1971). The 1930s became the age of Shostakovich's creative maturity, when several universally recognised masterpieces were created and premiered in Leningrad: his operas The Nose and Lady Macbeth (1930 and 1934, Maly Opera Theatre, conductor S.A. Samosud); and ballets The Golden Age and The Bolt (1930 and 1931, Mariinsky Theatre). After his ballet The Limpid Stream (1935, Maly Opera Theatre), certain attempts were made to suppress Shostakovich's success with the article-manifestos Chaos Instead of Music and Ballet Falsity were published. But the stain of being called a formalist didn't ruin Shostakovich's creative life. The first performance of his Symphony No. 5 (1936) was cancelled, but in 1938 Leningrad saw the triumphal opening night of his Symphony No. 5 under the baton of E.A. Mravinsky (from then until Symphony No. 12 (1961) Shostakovich conducted all premiers and established his own standards of performance). Symphony No. 7, also known as The Leningrad Symphony, was first conducted by K.I. Eliasberg in St. Petersburg during the Leningrad Siege on 9 August 1942, the day of the German Army's intended celebration at having captured the city. The radio broadcast of the concert attracted world-wide attention to the tragedy of Leningrad. In 1937-41 and in 1962-65 Shostakovich taught at the Conservatory, of which he had been a professor since 1939. Among his students were acclaimed Petersburg composers G.I. Ustvolskaya, V.A. Uspensky, and B. I. Tishchenko. Among Shostakovich's honours are the Stalin Prize (1941, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1952), the Lenin Prize (1958), the State Prize of the USSR (1968), and the State Prize of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1974). Shostakovich was born at 2 Podolskaya Street (memorial plaque installed). In 1914-34 he lived at 9 Marata Street, and in 1937-41 at 29/37 Bolshaya Pushkarskaya Street (memorial plaque installed; monument by sculptors A.N. Chernitsky and S.А. Chernitsky, 1997). On 1 October 1941, Shostakovich was evacuated from Leningrad, after which he lived in Moscow, but he frequently visited St. Petersburg and during the summer used to work in the House of Composers' Creativity (Repino). A street on Vyborgskaya Side was named after Shostakovich; his name was also given to the Petersburg Philharmonic, and to secondary school № 235 (1996).

References: Хентова С. М. Шостакович в Петрограде - Ленинграде. Л., 1981; Ее же. Шостакович: Жизнь и творчество: Моногр.: В 2 т. 2-е изд., доп. М., 1996.

A. L. Porfiryeva.

VAVILOV Nikolay Ivanovich (1887-1943), geneticist, plant-breeder, science official, public figure, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1929), the first President (1929-35) and Vice-President (1935-40) of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Brother of S.I. Vavilov. Graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute in 1911. Since 1921, lived in Petrograd (Leningrad). In 1921-40, headed the Applied and Selective Botany Department of the Agricultural Scientific Committee, reorganized into the All-Union Plant Research Institute in 1930, named after Vavilov in 1967, and located at 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street (memorial plaque installed), where the Vavilov Museum was opened in 1980. Concurrently, in 1930-40, he was Director of the Genetics Laboratory (today the General Genetics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, named after Vavilov in 1966). Organised botanical and agricultural expeditions to the Mediterranean countries, Asia, Northern Africa, North America and South America, by which the world's largest collection of cultivated plant-seeds was assembled. Provided a theoretical basis for plant immunity theory (1919), and formulated the law of homology-series in genetic mutation (1920). Advocated genetics in the struggle against the "doctrine" of T.D. Lysenko. President of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1931-40). Awarded the Lenin Prize in 1926. In 1940, Vavilov was repressed without grounds, and died in a prison hospital in Saratov. In 1928-40, lived at 2 Gogol Street (today Malaya Morskaya Street, memorial plaque installed). In 1967, the new passage between Nauki Avenue and Doroga na Ozerki Street was named after Vavilov and his brother.

References: Бальдыш Г. М., Понизовская Г. И. Николай Вавилов в Петербурге - Петрограде - Ленинграде. Л., 1987; Бахтеев Ф. Х. Николай Иванович Вавилов, 1887-1943. Новосибирск, 1988; Н. И. Вавилов: Документы. Фотографии. СПб., 1995.

O. N. Ansberg.

15 January. The new city slaughterhouse with the recycling plant, designed by the architect A.R. Bach, began to work.

23 March. Erik Fiodorovich Gollerbach, the future art historian and literary critic, was born in the family of the owner of the famous bakery - cake shop.

28 March. Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky, the future famous Soviet poet, was born in the family of the Tsarskoye Selo priest.

2 April. Illegal meeting of the Petersburg Marxists took place in the house of Silvin at the corner of Oranzhereynaya Street and Malaya Street. V.I. Ulyanov, N.К.Krupskaya, М.А.Silvin, V.V.Starkov, P.К.Zaporozhets, А.L.Malchenko, А.А.Yakubova took part at this meeting.

Decorating of the inhabited rooms of the Alexander Palace , Palisander Room, Study of Emperor Nicholas II had been completed by the firm of F. Melzer.

The autumn. The writer Lidia Ivanovna Veselitskaya (Mikulich), she was the addresse of the poet epistle "The faces have severity on portraits there …" of I.F. Annensky, settled in Tsarskoye Selo.

17 September. The ceremonial laying of the Church of St. Julian of the Life-Guard Cuirassier His Majesty Regiment to the design of the archtect V.N. Kuritsyn took place in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna and Archpriest Ioannof Kronstadt .

3 November. Grand Duke Olga Nikolayevna was born in Tsarskoye Selo, she was the firstborn of the family of Nicholas II. Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bach Alexander Romanovich
Hollerbach Erich Fedorovich
Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Kuritsyn Vladimir Nikolaevich
Lenin (real name Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich
Malchenko, A.L..
Nicholas II, Emperor
Olga Nikolaevna, Grand Princess
Rozhdestvensky Vsevolod Alexandrovich
Sergiyev (Kronshtadsky) Ioann Ilyich, the Saint
Silvin Mikhail Alexandrovich
Starkov Vasily Vasilievich
Veselitskaya (Mikulich), Lidia Ivanovna
Yakubova, A.A.
Zaporozhets Peter Kuzmich

30 January - 8 March. Andrei Bely, a poet and prosaist, stayed at R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik, a literary critic and publicist, in Tsarskoye Selo.

4 February. Niktopolion Svyatsky, a poet and warrior, died in Tsarskoye Selo, he lived in Tsarskoye Selo from 1901. He was buried in the Kuzminskoye cemetery and the inscription was preserved on the grave "The body of the poet-martyr was at rest here, he wrote by his teeth, he lay immovablely for 40 years from the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878…"

10 February. In the Alexander Palace, Nicholas II received the report of M.V. Rodzyanko, the speaker of the State Duma, who appealed to the Tsar to more closely union with bourgeoise before "threatening unrests".

February. A.F. Shorin, a prominent scientist in physics of electromagnetic waves, the future winner of the State Prize (1941), worked as the head of the Tsarskoye Selo radio station ( until 1919) .

19 February. Poet Sergei Esenin red his own poems for participants of the meeting "Society for the Revival of Arts Russia" in the Refectory Chamber of the Fiodorovsky Town

22 February. Nicholas II announced his decision, to Prime Minister N.D. Golitsyn, to go to the Duma and to declare about his agreement on "responsible ministry". However, he changed this decision in the evening and he went, by the night train, to the front from Tsarskoye Selo for the last time.
Ten days remain to live for the Empire.

28 February. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison rose against the tsarism. The disorderly firing was heard in the Alexander Palace. The regiments bands played "Marseillaise". Bolsheviks were initiators of the events. Bolshevik groups, consisted of several men, was organized in the 1st Life-Guard Rifle Regiment and the Railway Regiment

30 February. Six soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison, who were shot dead during the exchanging of fire, were buried. The communal grave was planed to place at the parade ground by the Catherine Palace. According to the final decision, the communal grave was placed near windows of the Alexander Palace where the Empress with her children lived.

2 March. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated .

8 March. General L.G. Kornilov informed the Empress about the placing the Imperial family under arrest in the Alexander Palace. His Imperial Majesty Escort handed over the protection and abandoned the Alexander Palace at 4 p.m.
The coffin with body of G.Rasputin was dug by soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison and sent to Petrograd according to the order of A.F. Kerensky.

9 March 11a.m. The train of the former emperor arrived in Tsarskoye Selo. The car drived up to the Emperor Pavilion, then Nicholas II, who was under arrest, took this car and came in the Alexander Palace where he joined with his family
March. There was the dual power in Tsarskoye Selo, the all -social classes "Provisional Committee" worked at the Town Hall Building , and the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet of Workers' and Soldoers' Deputies worked at the building of the Great Hothouse. Bolshevik Nikolai Ivanovich Tatarintsev, a praporshik of the 343rd Novgorod militia unit, quartered in Kuzmino Village, was elected a member of the Soviet.

21 March. A.F. Kerensky arrived in the Alexander Palace, he wanted to see the all tsar family and to present the new commandant of the palace.

9 May. The Reserve Palace of Grand Duke Maria Pavlovna, the widow of Grand Duke Vladimir Aleksandrovich, was expropriated by the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet.

May. V.I. Lenin visited L.B.Krasin, who worked as an engineer at the Palace Electric Power Station and lived in 24 Novaya Street.

May. The Tsarskoye Selo first group of the members of Komsomol (union of the workers youth) was organized under the leadership of M. M. Lyulin.

May- November. Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov, the prominent public figure of the Russian Social-Democratic movement, lived at the wooden house in Glinka Street. In November B. Savinkov visited him here with the proposal to be the leader of the struggle with Bolshevism as the future prime minister and in 31 October, in the appartment of G.V. Plekhanov was carried out a serch organized by the Red Guards . 28 January 1918, Plekhanov, who had suffered from tuberculosis, was sent to the sanatorium in Teroiki and he died there on 30 May.

3, 14 June. The strikes, against the power of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet, took place in the city with the participation of emploees and workers of the municipal economy and teachers .
5: 45 a.m. 1 August. The tsar family leaved Tsarskoye Selo forever and they went, from the Aleksandrovskaya Station, to Tobolsk by train. Archpriest A.I. Belayev, the senior prist of the Fiodorovsky Cathedral, wrote in his diary "…The Alexander Palace lost its lodgers at a quarter to six… Nobody slept at the night. Night was troubled . The cars were prepared early in the morning, and the all former tsar family, tired by the long anticipation, having said goodbye to their native house with tears, went on the long road, to the overgrown part, to cold Siberia ."

1 October. N.I. Tatarintsev were elected the Chairman of the Tsarskoye Selo Committee of RSDWP(b)( the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (bolshevik) in the Bolshevik Party conference in Smolny. 25 October ( 7 November by the Western calendar ). The milirary uprising organized by Bolsheviks took place in Petrograd. The 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets worked on 25-26 October and the Decrees "On Peace", "On Land", Decree about the forming of the Soviet government were passed at this Congress and then the texts of Decrees were broadcasted by the Tsarskoye Selo radio station. Commissar I.Y. Georgenberger, from Tsarskoye Selo, supported the decisions of the 2nd All - Russian Congress of Soviets.

28 October. Cossack squadrons under the command of General P.N. Krasnov came into Tsarskoye Selo. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison having 16 thousands soldiers did not resist. Headquarters of Krasnov was placed at the service building of the mansion of Grand Duchess Mariya Pavlovna. In the evening American jounalist John Reed came into Tsarskoye Selo, he described the events of these days in his book "Ten Days that Shook the World".

30 October. Cossacks of P.N. Krasnov battled with the Red Guards units and sailors under the command of P.E. Dybenko near Pulkovo. The troops under the command of Krasnov had 630 Cossacks, 18 artillery guns, armoured car, 700 cadets. The Bolsheviks had about 10 thousands soldiers, 10 armoured cars и artillery guns. The Krasnov detachments left Tsarskoye Selo in the evening of 30 October.
In the daytime, citizens, who were frightened by firing and shrapnel explosions, rushed to the Cathedral of St. Sophia to perform the public prayer for stopping the bloodshed. Citizens continued to pray in the evening during the withdrawal of Cossacks. Citizens declared : " We shall fulfill our duties completely! Our brothers leaved us and our brothers come to us ! What shall they do us !" Arrests were began when the Bolsheviks units came into Tsarskoye Selo. On 31 October, Priest Ioann Kochurov was brutally killed after atempting to clarify the meaning of the pray for stopping the fratricide. Father Ioann opened the list of Martyrs for Christ under the new regime.
1 November. The funeral of five soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison took place in the communal grave in the Alexander Park, their dead bodies were added to the victims of events of 30 February.

12 December. The rare vintages, priced at about 10 millions francs, of the cellars of the palace of Grand Prince Palei were distroyed and robbed according to the order of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet. Citizens of Tsarskoye Selo scooped the wine with snow from the gutters using buckets, drunk men dragged in the mire along the gutter verges.

27 December. The first steam engine "T" was repaired and transferred for the work by the steam engine maintenance point which was organizes on the basis of the former Emperor railway workshop. This date became the foudation date of the Pushkin Track Repair -Mechanics Plant, socialict enterprise. By 1924 plant repaired 52 steam engines for year .

December. The 2nd common labour school began to work on the basis of the Mariinskaya women gymnasium. Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bely Andrey (real name Bugaev Boris Nikolaevich)
Belyayev, Afanasy Ivanovich, archpriest
Dybenko Pavel Efimovich
Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich
Georgenberger, I.Ya.
Golitsyn Nikolay Dmitrievich
Ioann Kochurov, Archpriest
Ivanov-Razumnik (real name Razumnik Vasilievich Ivanov)
Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich
Kornilov Lavr Georgievich
Krasin Leonid Borisovich
Krasnov Peter Nikolaevich
Lenin (real name Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich
Lyulin, M.M.
Nicholas II, Emperor
Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich
Reed John
Rodzyanko Mikhail Vladimirovich
Savinkov Boris Viktorovich
Shorin Alexander Fedorovich
Svyatsky, Niktopolion Pavlovich
Tatarintsev, Nikolay Ivanovich
Pushkin, town
Pushkin, town