ESENIN Sergey Alexandrovich (1895-1925, Leningrad), poet. Graduated from the Zemskoe (provincial) Fourth-Class School in the village of Konstantinovo (1909) and Second-Class Teachers' College in the village of Spas-Klepiki (1912). For the first time he came to Petrograd in March 1915 (lived from October 1915 to March 1918), joined the group of the so-called new peasants' poets, become acquainted with A. A. Blok (on the day of arrival), N. A. Klyuev, M. Gorky, S. M. Gorodetsky, Ivanov-Razumnik, A. Bely and others, published his first poem collection Radunitsa (1916). Lived at Gorodetsky's flat (14 Malaya Posadskaya Street), then with Klyuev at the flat of the latter's sister K.A. Rasshcheperina (149 Fontanka River Embankment). In 1916-17 did military service in medical sanitary train № 143 of Tsarskoe Selo, then in Tsarskoe Selo Sick Quarters № 17. In 1917-18 lived at 33 Liteiny Avenue (memorial plaque). After he had moved to Moscow in the spring of 1918, he paid brief visits to Petrograd. According to the official version, he committed suicide in the Angleterre Hotel (memorial plaque) in Leningrad on 28 December 1925. Buried in Moscow. In 1995 the monument to the Esenin was placed in the Tavrichesky Garden (sculptor A.S. Charkin, architect F.K. Romanovsky, S.L. Mikhailov). The name of Esenin was given to library № 10 of Frunzensky District and in 1974 a Street in Ozerki was named after him.

References: Дитц В. Ф. Есенин в Петрограде - Ленинграде. Л., 1990; Над Невой твоей...: Юбил. сб. к 100-летию С. А. Есенина. СПб., 1996; Бунатян Г. Г. Город муз: Лит. памят. места г. Пушкина. СПб., 2001. С. 246-261.

T. M. Dvinyatina.

IVANOV-RAZUMNIK (real name and family Razumnik Vasilievich Ivanov) (1878-1946) literary critic, sociologist, public and political figure. He came to St. Petersburg in the 1880s, studied at the First Petersburg gymnasium. In 1902, he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Petersburg University (from 1900, he also attended lectures at the Faculty of History and Philology); he participated in the students' movement. From 1904, he had publications in the journals Russkaya Mysl, Russkoe Bogatstvo, Zavety etc. He was close to the Socialists-Revolutionaries but was not a member. In 1916-18, a group of poets and writers united by the idea of a spiritual revolution formed round Ivanov-Razumnik [A. Bely, S. A. Esenin, N. A. Klyuev et al.; see Skify (Scythians)]. In 1917 he was an editor of the newspaper of left wing socialists-revolutionaries Delo Naroda. In 1918 he participated in the publication of the newspaper of socialists-revolutionaries Znamya Truda. In 1919, he was one of the organizers of the Free Philosophical Association (Volfila; it existed until 1924). In 1919-39, he was repeatedly exiled and arrested. In 1941, he was in the zone of German occupation and was sent to concentration camp in Eastern Prussia, he was set free in 1943. He lived in Lithuania, after that in Munich where he died. He is the author of the History of Russian Public Thought (1906-07), and of the works in the field of Russian literature from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. He wrote memoirs Writers' Fates: Prisons and Exiles (Moscow, 2000), he edited the collected works by V. G. Belinsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, the series Historical-Literary Library etc. From the 1910s up to October 1941, he lived in Tsarskoe Selo (the town of Pushkin) on 20 Kolpinskaya Street.

References: Лавров А. В. Иванов-Разумник // Возвращение. М., 1991. Вып. 1. С. 303-308; Иванов-Разумник: Личность. Творчество. Роль в культуре: Сб. ст. по материалам конф. СПб., 1996.

Y. N. Kruzhnov.

2 January. The train collision took place at the railway line linked Peterburg and Tsarskoye Selo. Anna Vyrubova, a maid of honour and close friend of the Empress, was seriosly injured at this disaster. A. Vyrubova was often visited by Grigory Rasputin and members of the Imperial Family at her house in Tserkovnaya Street during her illness.

January. Prince Vladimir Palei, a son of Grand Duck Pavel Aleksandrovich, was conferred the cornet of the Life-Guard Hussar Regiment, and in February, he was sent to the front where he was permanently with the exception of the short leaves. His first collection of poems was published in 1916.

March. The Society for the Revival of Art Russia was organized at the Fiodorovsky Cathedral. D.N. Loman, colonel of the Life-Guard Pavlovsky Regiment, churchwarden of the cathedral, was the organizer of this society ( he was shot by the Bolsheviks in 1918 ). Prince A.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, an expert on the Old Russian Art, began the chairman of this society. Many representatives of old nobility families, priests, successful merchants became founders of the society. Artists A.M. Vasnetsov, V.M. Vasnetsov, M.V. Nesterov, N.K. Roerich, I.Y. Bilibin, architects A.V.Shchusev, V.V. Suslov, A.N. Pomerantsev and other art persons took part in the work of this society.

5 May. Holder of the Order of St. George N.S. Gumilev was referred to the Catherine Palace hospital for the treatment of the serious cold got at the front.

8 July. Near the Fiodorovsky Cathedral, the public prayer was performed on the gift of victory in the presence of the Imperial Family and participants of the religious processions of Tsarskoye Selo.

3 August. Nicholas II and with his daughters visited the new barracks of the Excort Unit and the building of Officer assemble (architect V.N. Maksimov).
14 August. In the report of S.N. Vilchkovsky, the chief authorized person of the Tsarskoye Selo branch of the Red Cross, to Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna was written: "161 hospitals having 383 beds for officers and 7,858 beds for lower ranks were opened in the district of the Tsarskoye Selo special evacuation point".

18 August. The laying of the wooden church "The Healer of Sorrows" took place at the Communal cemetery to the design of S.Y.Sidorchuk, in 48 days the ready-made church was consecrated in the presence of the Imperial Family. .
This church burnt down during WWII . The military cemetery was destroyed under Soviet rule and there were vegetable gardens of citizens at its place until 2000 .

22 August. Nicholas II decided to take the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief and he moved to Mogilev Town from Tsarskoye Selo. The Emperor announced his decision at the Corner Drawing Room in the Alexander Palace during the meeting of Coincil of Ministers on 20 August 1915 .

25 October. In Tsarskoye Selo, Nicholas II received the written petition of the St. George Duma of South-West front about awarding the Cross of St.George of 4th degree to him.

The Tsarskoye Selo international radio station began to work.

25 December. In the Manege, the Imperial Family gave presents at the festival with the Christmas tree on the occasion of the Nativity of Christ. 1,200 soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison took part in the festival.

25 December. Poets S. Esenin and N. Klyuyev visited Gumilev and Akhmatova at the house in Malaya Street. Akhmatova Anna Andreevna
Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bilibin Ivan Yakovlevich
Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich
Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich
Klyuev Nikolay Alexeevich
Loman D.N.
Maksimov, Vladimir Nikolayevich
Nesterov Mikhail Vasilievich
Nicholas II, Emperor
Paley, Vladimir Pavlovich
Pavel Alexandrovich, Grand Prince
Pomerantsev Alexander Nikanorovich
Rasputin Grigory Efimovich
Roerich, Nicholas Konstantinovich
Shchusev Alexey Viktorovich
Shirinsky-Shikhmatov Alexey Alexandrovich
Sidorchuk S.Y.
Suslov Vladimir Vasilievich
Vasnetsov Apollinary Mikhailovich
Vasnetsov Viktor Mikhailovich
Vyrubova Anna Alexandrovna
Malaya Street/Pushkin, town
Tserkovnaya Street/Pushkin, town

30 January - 8 March. Andrei Bely, a poet and prosaist, stayed at R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik, a literary critic and publicist, in Tsarskoye Selo.

4 February. Niktopolion Svyatsky, a poet and warrior, died in Tsarskoye Selo, he lived in Tsarskoye Selo from 1901. He was buried in the Kuzminskoye cemetery and the inscription was preserved on the grave "The body of the poet-martyr was at rest here, he wrote by his teeth, he lay immovablely for 40 years from the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878…"

10 February. In the Alexander Palace, Nicholas II received the report of M.V. Rodzyanko, the speaker of the State Duma, who appealed to the Tsar to more closely union with bourgeoise before "threatening unrests".

February. A.F. Shorin, a prominent scientist in physics of electromagnetic waves, the future winner of the State Prize (1941), worked as the head of the Tsarskoye Selo radio station ( until 1919) .

19 February. Poet Sergei Esenin red his own poems for participants of the meeting "Society for the Revival of Arts Russia" in the Refectory Chamber of the Fiodorovsky Town

22 February. Nicholas II announced his decision, to Prime Minister N.D. Golitsyn, to go to the Duma and to declare about his agreement on "responsible ministry". However, he changed this decision in the evening and he went, by the night train, to the front from Tsarskoye Selo for the last time.
Ten days remain to live for the Empire.

28 February. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison rose against the tsarism. The disorderly firing was heard in the Alexander Palace. The regiments bands played "Marseillaise". Bolsheviks were initiators of the events. Bolshevik groups, consisted of several men, was organized in the 1st Life-Guard Rifle Regiment and the Railway Regiment

30 February. Six soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison, who were shot dead during the exchanging of fire, were buried. The communal grave was planed to place at the parade ground by the Catherine Palace. According to the final decision, the communal grave was placed near windows of the Alexander Palace where the Empress with her children lived.

2 March. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated .

8 March. General L.G. Kornilov informed the Empress about the placing the Imperial family under arrest in the Alexander Palace. His Imperial Majesty Escort handed over the protection and abandoned the Alexander Palace at 4 p.m.
The coffin with body of G.Rasputin was dug by soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison and sent to Petrograd according to the order of A.F. Kerensky.

9 March 11a.m. The train of the former emperor arrived in Tsarskoye Selo. The car drived up to the Emperor Pavilion, then Nicholas II, who was under arrest, took this car and came in the Alexander Palace where he joined with his family
March. There was the dual power in Tsarskoye Selo, the all -social classes "Provisional Committee" worked at the Town Hall Building , and the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet of Workers' and Soldoers' Deputies worked at the building of the Great Hothouse. Bolshevik Nikolai Ivanovich Tatarintsev, a praporshik of the 343rd Novgorod militia unit, quartered in Kuzmino Village, was elected a member of the Soviet.

21 March. A.F. Kerensky arrived in the Alexander Palace, he wanted to see the all tsar family and to present the new commandant of the palace.

9 May. The Reserve Palace of Grand Duke Maria Pavlovna, the widow of Grand Duke Vladimir Aleksandrovich, was expropriated by the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet.

May. V.I. Lenin visited L.B.Krasin, who worked as an engineer at the Palace Electric Power Station and lived in 24 Novaya Street.

May. The Tsarskoye Selo first group of the members of Komsomol (union of the workers youth) was organized under the leadership of M. M. Lyulin.

May- November. Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov, the prominent public figure of the Russian Social-Democratic movement, lived at the wooden house in Glinka Street. In November B. Savinkov visited him here with the proposal to be the leader of the struggle with Bolshevism as the future prime minister and in 31 October, in the appartment of G.V. Plekhanov was carried out a serch organized by the Red Guards . 28 January 1918, Plekhanov, who had suffered from tuberculosis, was sent to the sanatorium in Teroiki and he died there on 30 May.

3, 14 June. The strikes, against the power of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet, took place in the city with the participation of emploees and workers of the municipal economy and teachers .
5: 45 a.m. 1 August. The tsar family leaved Tsarskoye Selo forever and they went, from the Aleksandrovskaya Station, to Tobolsk by train. Archpriest A.I. Belayev, the senior prist of the Fiodorovsky Cathedral, wrote in his diary "…The Alexander Palace lost its lodgers at a quarter to six… Nobody slept at the night. Night was troubled . The cars were prepared early in the morning, and the all former tsar family, tired by the long anticipation, having said goodbye to their native house with tears, went on the long road, to the overgrown part, to cold Siberia ."

1 October. N.I. Tatarintsev were elected the Chairman of the Tsarskoye Selo Committee of RSDWP(b)( the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (bolshevik) in the Bolshevik Party conference in Smolny. 25 October ( 7 November by the Western calendar ). The milirary uprising organized by Bolsheviks took place in Petrograd. The 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets worked on 25-26 October and the Decrees "On Peace", "On Land", Decree about the forming of the Soviet government were passed at this Congress and then the texts of Decrees were broadcasted by the Tsarskoye Selo radio station. Commissar I.Y. Georgenberger, from Tsarskoye Selo, supported the decisions of the 2nd All - Russian Congress of Soviets.

28 October. Cossack squadrons under the command of General P.N. Krasnov came into Tsarskoye Selo. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison having 16 thousands soldiers did not resist. Headquarters of Krasnov was placed at the service building of the mansion of Grand Duchess Mariya Pavlovna. In the evening American jounalist John Reed came into Tsarskoye Selo, he described the events of these days in his book "Ten Days that Shook the World".

30 October. Cossacks of P.N. Krasnov battled with the Red Guards units and sailors under the command of P.E. Dybenko near Pulkovo. The troops under the command of Krasnov had 630 Cossacks, 18 artillery guns, armoured car, 700 cadets. The Bolsheviks had about 10 thousands soldiers, 10 armoured cars и artillery guns. The Krasnov detachments left Tsarskoye Selo in the evening of 30 October.
In the daytime, citizens, who were frightened by firing and shrapnel explosions, rushed to the Cathedral of St. Sophia to perform the public prayer for stopping the bloodshed. Citizens continued to pray in the evening during the withdrawal of Cossacks. Citizens declared : " We shall fulfill our duties completely! Our brothers leaved us and our brothers come to us ! What shall they do us !" Arrests were began when the Bolsheviks units came into Tsarskoye Selo. On 31 October, Priest Ioann Kochurov was brutally killed after atempting to clarify the meaning of the pray for stopping the fratricide. Father Ioann opened the list of Martyrs for Christ under the new regime.
1 November. The funeral of five soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison took place in the communal grave in the Alexander Park, their dead bodies were added to the victims of events of 30 February.

12 December. The rare vintages, priced at about 10 millions francs, of the cellars of the palace of Grand Prince Palei were distroyed and robbed according to the order of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet. Citizens of Tsarskoye Selo scooped the wine with snow from the gutters using buckets, drunk men dragged in the mire along the gutter verges.

27 December. The first steam engine "T" was repaired and transferred for the work by the steam engine maintenance point which was organizes on the basis of the former Emperor railway workshop. This date became the foudation date of the Pushkin Track Repair -Mechanics Plant, socialict enterprise. By 1924 plant repaired 52 steam engines for year .

December. The 2nd common labour school began to work on the basis of the Mariinskaya women gymnasium. Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bely Andrey (real name Bugaev Boris Nikolaevich)
Belyayev, Afanasy Ivanovich, archpriest
Dybenko Pavel Efimovich
Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich
Georgenberger, I.Ya.
Golitsyn Nikolay Dmitrievich
Ioann Kochurov, Archpriest
Ivanov-Razumnik (real name Razumnik Vasilievich Ivanov)
Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich
Kornilov Lavr Georgievich
Krasin Leonid Borisovich
Krasnov Peter Nikolaevich
Lenin (real name Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich
Lyulin, M.M.
Nicholas II, Emperor
Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich
Reed John
Rodzyanko Mikhail Vladimirovich
Savinkov Boris Viktorovich
Shorin Alexander Fedorovich
Svyatsky, Niktopolion Pavlovich
Tatarintsev, Nikolay Ivanovich
Pushkin, town
Pushkin, town

The summer. Sergey Yesenin performed in a sudent's club (in the Martial Chamber) and together with Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky performed in the Detskoye Selo sanatorium of scientist (TsKUBU). Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich
Rozhdestvensky Vsevolod Alexandrovich