Nicholas II (1868, Tsarskoe Selo - 1918), Emperor from 1894 to 1917. Son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Fedorovna. Married Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Alexandra Fedorovna. He was Crown Prince and Tsesarevitch since 1881. He served as a colonel in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment (1892). He lived in the Anichkov Palace, and after his marriage moved into the Winter Palace; during the summer he lived at the Nizhny Palace of Alexandria, where his children were born. In 1904, after the birth of his son Alexey, he moved to the Alexandrovsky Palace at Tsarskoe Selo. Nicholas I idealized the reign of Alexey Mikhailovich, and as a result Fedorovsky Settlement and the Court Cathedral of Our Lady Fedorovskaya at Tsarskoe Selo were built in the Neo-Russian style. After taking the crown, Nicholas followed his father's conservative course, appealing to the public to end their senseless dreams for increased local authority and establishment of any form of peoples' representation. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, and the events of 9 September 1905 (see Bloody Sunday), led to the Revolution of 1905-07. Nicholas II signed a declaration ratifying civil and political liberties in Peterhof during the Total Political Strike, which spread through the country on 17 October 1905. From August, 1915, Nicholas II was Supreme Allied Commander of the Russian army, spending the majority of his time at the General's Headquarters, which led him to lose control of the situation in the capital. As a result of the February Revolution of 2(15) March 1917 he abdicated, was arrested, and kept under house arrest in Tsarskoe Selo; from August, he was kept in Tobolsk; in April 1918, he was taken to Ekaterinburg, where he was shot by the Bolsheviks together with his entire family and his close associates. In 1998, he was reburied in the Catherine aisle of the SS. Peter&Paul Cathedral. He was canonised by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (1981) and the Russian Orthodox Church (2000). Busts of Nicholas II are installed in the town of Pushkin at the Court Cathedral of Our Lady Fedorovskaya (1993, sculptor V.V. Zayko), and in St. Petersburg at the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross at Ligovsky Avenue. (2002, sculptor S. Alipov).

Works: Diary. Moscow, 1992.

References: Гейченко С. С., Шеманский А. В. Последние Романовы в Петергофе: Путеводитель по Нижней даче. 3-е изд. М.; Л., 1931; Ананьич Б. В., Ганелин Р. Ш. Николай II // ВИ. 1993. №2. С. 58-76; Боханов А. Н. Сумерки монархии. М., 1993; Его же. Николай II // Романовы: Ист. портреты. М., 1997. Кн. 2. С. 583-681; Несин В. Н. Зимний дворец в царствование последнего императора Николая II (1894-1917). СПб., 1999; Буранов Ю. А., Хрусталев В. М. Романовы: Гибель династии. М., 2000.

Y. A. Kuzmin.

The regiment church was built to the design of the architect V.N. Kuritsin at the corner of Kadetsky Boulevard and Kirasirskaya (Cuirassier) Street in 1896-1899. The decoration was made by the architect S.A. Danini. The construction was carried out using the money of the commerce councilor I.K. Savinkov in the style of Old Russian churches in the memory of the wedding of Their Emperor Majesties Nicholas II and Alexandra Fiodorovna.
The consecration of the upper temple of St Julian of Tarsus took place on 19 December 1899. The temple was sanctified by the arch-presbyter of the military clergy Fr. A. Zhelobovsky jointly with the arch-presbyter Fr. John (Sergiev) of Kronstadt and representatives of the Tsarskoye Selo clergy and in the presence of Their Emperor Majesties. In the upper side-chapel there was an interesting stained-glass iconostasis made of multicoloured solder glass with mosaic icons surrounded by ornamental pattern. Icons was created in Munich on the base of cardboards of the professor N. Koshelev, who also painted two huge picture “The Wedding in Kanna of Galilee” and “The Miracle of St. Julian of Tarsus” on walls of the middle part of the temple. In the lower temple there was a stylish marble iconostasis and marble gravestones of Savinkov and his wife. Icons and fresco were painted by the artist Volkov. Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Danini Silvio Amvrosievich
Kuritsyn Vladimir Nikolaevich
Nicholas II, Emperor
Sergiyev (Kronshtadsky) Ioann Ilyich, the Saint
Kadetsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town, house 7

In 1903 Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna granted the plot located in the Babolovsky Park between Gatchina Road and Baursky Channel for building a Nusery School founded by her. The Empress attached the great importance to this educational charitable establishment maintained using her own money. The famous paediatrician K.A. Raukhfus took active part in organizing and working the Nusery School. In the school, where there was an alms-house for children of poor parents and orphans, nurse-maids were taught looking after babies. The building was built to the design of S.A. Danini. The Empress often visited the school with Grand Duchesses and they could learn ways of looking after babies there. A garden, based on the School Garden breeding nursery located here earlier, was laid around the school. The school building was rebuilt more than once for needs of constantly rising number of students. In the 1910s the building was enlarged with an outhouse from the western side also to the design of Danini. In the beginning of World War I the Empress organized one of her Tsarskoye Selo hospitals for wounded men, one more floor must be overbuilt for it. After 1917 the building has been occupied by a secondary school. Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Danini Silvio Amvrosievich
Rauchfus Karl Andreevich

The Tsarskoye Selo Palace Hospital included two charity establishments: a hospital and alms-house, both supported for the money of the Palace Board since the time of Catherine I. The hospital was placed in this place, originally located near Torgovaya (Trade) Square at the entry into Tsarskoye Selo from Moscow Road, according to the order of Alexander I of 23 October 1808. One-storied wooden building of the hospital with the Church of the Consolation of all the Afficted, alms-houses, chemist's shops, gardens for men and women departments, the fence around the hospital complex were built during 1809-1817 to the design of the architect V.I. Geste.
On 21 July 1844 Nicholas I approved the design of new stone buildings for the hospital instead of outmoded wooden ones, that was developed by the architect D.Ye. Yefimov. The construction works were being done from 1844 until 1852 under the direction of the architect N.S. Nikitin. Hospital buildings have survived until present time. The main building of the hospital and detached buildings of the alms-house, chemist’s house, dwelling house for hospital workers, wash-house, chapel were surrounded with a fence and garden laid out on the base of the old hospital gardens by the gardener V. Miller. The consecration of the hospital church in the name of the icon of the Mother of God “Consolation of All Who Sorrow” took place on 28 September 1852. The court surgeon F.F. Zhukovsko-Volynsky 1804-1879) worked as the head physician of the hospital. Considerable works on modernization and re-equipment of the hospital were done from the late 19th century to the early 20th century to the designs of A.F. Vidov, A.R. Bach, S.A. Danini with the participation of doctors A.F. Gaaze, Ye.S. Botkin. The female-surgeon Princess V.I. Gedroits worked here according to the will of Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna. An outpatients department and admission room were built to the main building in 1908-1914 to the design of architect Danini. The hospital church of the Consolation of all the Afficted was enlarged, the cave-temple of Sts. Constantine and Helen, Equal-to-the-Apostles with separate entrance was placed in the new annex. In 1911-1913 Danini built a pavilion for infectious patients. In this pavilion during World War I there was a department for officers for thirty bunks of the Own Hospital No. 3 which was established for wounded men for personal savings of the empress. The Own hospital department for lower ranks for 200 people occupied the upper floor in the main building of the hospital. Sisters Romanov worked at this hospital until the arrest in February 1917. Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna was a scrub nurse, she assisted to the surgeon V.I. Gedroits and herself did bandaging. Her elder daughters Grand Duchesses Olga Nikolayevna and Tatiana Nikolayevna worked side by side of the mother. Now the N.A. Semashko Town Hospital No. 38 of the Health Protection Committee of Saint Petersburg is placed here. Alexander I, Emperor
Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bach Alexander Romanovich
Catherine I, Empress
Danini Silvio Amvrosievich
Efimov Dmitry Egorovich
Gedroits, Vera Ignatyevna, princess
Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William)
Nicholas I, Emperor
Nikitin, N.S.
Olga Nikolaevna, Grand Princess
Tatyana Nikolaevna, Grand Princess
Vidov Alexander Fomich
Zhukovsko-Volynsky, F.F.
Gospitalnaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 7

2 January. The train collision took place at the railway line linked Peterburg and Tsarskoye Selo. Anna Vyrubova, a maid of honour and close friend of the Empress, was seriosly injured at this disaster. A. Vyrubova was often visited by Grigory Rasputin and members of the Imperial Family at her house in Tserkovnaya Street during her illness.

January. Prince Vladimir Palei, a son of Grand Duck Pavel Aleksandrovich, was conferred the cornet of the Life-Guard Hussar Regiment, and in February, he was sent to the front where he was permanently with the exception of the short leaves. His first collection of poems was published in 1916.

March. The Society for the Revival of Art Russia was organized at the Fiodorovsky Cathedral. D.N. Loman, colonel of the Life-Guard Pavlovsky Regiment, churchwarden of the cathedral, was the organizer of this society ( he was shot by the Bolsheviks in 1918 ). Prince A.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, an expert on the Old Russian Art, began the chairman of this society. Many representatives of old nobility families, priests, successful merchants became founders of the society. Artists A.M. Vasnetsov, V.M. Vasnetsov, M.V. Nesterov, N.K. Roerich, I.Y. Bilibin, architects A.V.Shchusev, V.V. Suslov, A.N. Pomerantsev and other art persons took part in the work of this society.

5 May. Holder of the Order of St. George N.S. Gumilev was referred to the Catherine Palace hospital for the treatment of the serious cold got at the front.

8 July. Near the Fiodorovsky Cathedral, the public prayer was performed on the gift of victory in the presence of the Imperial Family and participants of the religious processions of Tsarskoye Selo.

3 August. Nicholas II and with his daughters visited the new barracks of the Excort Unit and the building of Officer assemble (architect V.N. Maksimov).
14 August. In the report of S.N. Vilchkovsky, the chief authorized person of the Tsarskoye Selo branch of the Red Cross, to Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna was written: "161 hospitals having 383 beds for officers and 7,858 beds for lower ranks were opened in the district of the Tsarskoye Selo special evacuation point".

18 August. The laying of the wooden church "The Healer of Sorrows" took place at the Communal cemetery to the design of S.Y.Sidorchuk, in 48 days the ready-made church was consecrated in the presence of the Imperial Family. .
This church burnt down during WWII . The military cemetery was destroyed under Soviet rule and there were vegetable gardens of citizens at its place until 2000 .

22 August. Nicholas II decided to take the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief and he moved to Mogilev Town from Tsarskoye Selo. The Emperor announced his decision at the Corner Drawing Room in the Alexander Palace during the meeting of Coincil of Ministers on 20 August 1915 .

25 October. In Tsarskoye Selo, Nicholas II received the written petition of the St. George Duma of South-West front about awarding the Cross of St.George of 4th degree to him.

The Tsarskoye Selo international radio station began to work.

25 December. In the Manege, the Imperial Family gave presents at the festival with the Christmas tree on the occasion of the Nativity of Christ. 1,200 soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison took part in the festival.

25 December. Poets S. Esenin and N. Klyuyev visited Gumilev and Akhmatova at the house in Malaya Street. Akhmatova Anna Andreevna
Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bilibin Ivan Yakovlevich
Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich
Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich
Klyuev Nikolay Alexeevich
Loman D.N.
Maksimov, Vladimir Nikolayevich
Nesterov Mikhail Vasilievich
Nicholas II, Emperor
Paley, Vladimir Pavlovich
Pavel Alexandrovich, Grand Prince
Pomerantsev Alexander Nikanorovich
Rasputin Grigory Efimovich
Roerich, Nicholas Konstantinovich
Shchusev Alexey Viktorovich
Shirinsky-Shikhmatov Alexey Alexandrovich
Sidorchuk S.Y.
Suslov Vladimir Vasilievich
Vasnetsov Apollinary Mikhailovich
Vasnetsov Viktor Mikhailovich
Vyrubova Anna Alexandrovna
Malaya Street/Pushkin, town
Tserkovnaya Street/Pushkin, town

30 January - 8 March. Andrei Bely, a poet and prosaist, stayed at R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik, a literary critic and publicist, in Tsarskoye Selo.

4 February. Niktopolion Svyatsky, a poet and warrior, died in Tsarskoye Selo, he lived in Tsarskoye Selo from 1901. He was buried in the Kuzminskoye cemetery and the inscription was preserved on the grave "The body of the poet-martyr was at rest here, he wrote by his teeth, he lay immovablely for 40 years from the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878…"

10 February. In the Alexander Palace, Nicholas II received the report of M.V. Rodzyanko, the speaker of the State Duma, who appealed to the Tsar to more closely union with bourgeoise before "threatening unrests".

February. A.F. Shorin, a prominent scientist in physics of electromagnetic waves, the future winner of the State Prize (1941), worked as the head of the Tsarskoye Selo radio station ( until 1919) .

19 February. Poet Sergei Esenin red his own poems for participants of the meeting "Society for the Revival of Arts Russia" in the Refectory Chamber of the Fiodorovsky Town

22 February. Nicholas II announced his decision, to Prime Minister N.D. Golitsyn, to go to the Duma and to declare about his agreement on "responsible ministry". However, he changed this decision in the evening and he went, by the night train, to the front from Tsarskoye Selo for the last time.
Ten days remain to live for the Empire.

28 February. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison rose against the tsarism. The disorderly firing was heard in the Alexander Palace. The regiments bands played "Marseillaise". Bolsheviks were initiators of the events. Bolshevik groups, consisted of several men, was organized in the 1st Life-Guard Rifle Regiment and the Railway Regiment

30 February. Six soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison, who were shot dead during the exchanging of fire, were buried. The communal grave was planed to place at the parade ground by the Catherine Palace. According to the final decision, the communal grave was placed near windows of the Alexander Palace where the Empress with her children lived.

2 March. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated .

8 March. General L.G. Kornilov informed the Empress about the placing the Imperial family under arrest in the Alexander Palace. His Imperial Majesty Escort handed over the protection and abandoned the Alexander Palace at 4 p.m.
The coffin with body of G.Rasputin was dug by soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison and sent to Petrograd according to the order of A.F. Kerensky.

9 March 11a.m. The train of the former emperor arrived in Tsarskoye Selo. The car drived up to the Emperor Pavilion, then Nicholas II, who was under arrest, took this car and came in the Alexander Palace where he joined with his family
March. There was the dual power in Tsarskoye Selo, the all -social classes "Provisional Committee" worked at the Town Hall Building , and the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet of Workers' and Soldoers' Deputies worked at the building of the Great Hothouse. Bolshevik Nikolai Ivanovich Tatarintsev, a praporshik of the 343rd Novgorod militia unit, quartered in Kuzmino Village, was elected a member of the Soviet.

21 March. A.F. Kerensky arrived in the Alexander Palace, he wanted to see the all tsar family and to present the new commandant of the palace.

9 May. The Reserve Palace of Grand Duke Maria Pavlovna, the widow of Grand Duke Vladimir Aleksandrovich, was expropriated by the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet.

May. V.I. Lenin visited L.B.Krasin, who worked as an engineer at the Palace Electric Power Station and lived in 24 Novaya Street.

May. The Tsarskoye Selo first group of the members of Komsomol (union of the workers youth) was organized under the leadership of M. M. Lyulin.

May- November. Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov, the prominent public figure of the Russian Social-Democratic movement, lived at the wooden house in Glinka Street. In November B. Savinkov visited him here with the proposal to be the leader of the struggle with Bolshevism as the future prime minister and in 31 October, in the appartment of G.V. Plekhanov was carried out a serch organized by the Red Guards . 28 January 1918, Plekhanov, who had suffered from tuberculosis, was sent to the sanatorium in Teroiki and he died there on 30 May.

3, 14 June. The strikes, against the power of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet, took place in the city with the participation of emploees and workers of the municipal economy and teachers .
5: 45 a.m. 1 August. The tsar family leaved Tsarskoye Selo forever and they went, from the Aleksandrovskaya Station, to Tobolsk by train. Archpriest A.I. Belayev, the senior prist of the Fiodorovsky Cathedral, wrote in his diary "…The Alexander Palace lost its lodgers at a quarter to six… Nobody slept at the night. Night was troubled . The cars were prepared early in the morning, and the all former tsar family, tired by the long anticipation, having said goodbye to their native house with tears, went on the long road, to the overgrown part, to cold Siberia ."

1 October. N.I. Tatarintsev were elected the Chairman of the Tsarskoye Selo Committee of RSDWP(b)( the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (bolshevik) in the Bolshevik Party conference in Smolny. 25 October ( 7 November by the Western calendar ). The milirary uprising organized by Bolsheviks took place in Petrograd. The 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets worked on 25-26 October and the Decrees "On Peace", "On Land", Decree about the forming of the Soviet government were passed at this Congress and then the texts of Decrees were broadcasted by the Tsarskoye Selo radio station. Commissar I.Y. Georgenberger, from Tsarskoye Selo, supported the decisions of the 2nd All - Russian Congress of Soviets.

28 October. Cossack squadrons under the command of General P.N. Krasnov came into Tsarskoye Selo. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison having 16 thousands soldiers did not resist. Headquarters of Krasnov was placed at the service building of the mansion of Grand Duchess Mariya Pavlovna. In the evening American jounalist John Reed came into Tsarskoye Selo, he described the events of these days in his book "Ten Days that Shook the World".

30 October. Cossacks of P.N. Krasnov battled with the Red Guards units and sailors under the command of P.E. Dybenko near Pulkovo. The troops under the command of Krasnov had 630 Cossacks, 18 artillery guns, armoured car, 700 cadets. The Bolsheviks had about 10 thousands soldiers, 10 armoured cars и artillery guns. The Krasnov detachments left Tsarskoye Selo in the evening of 30 October.
In the daytime, citizens, who were frightened by firing and shrapnel explosions, rushed to the Cathedral of St. Sophia to perform the public prayer for stopping the bloodshed. Citizens continued to pray in the evening during the withdrawal of Cossacks. Citizens declared : " We shall fulfill our duties completely! Our brothers leaved us and our brothers come to us ! What shall they do us !" Arrests were began when the Bolsheviks units came into Tsarskoye Selo. On 31 October, Priest Ioann Kochurov was brutally killed after atempting to clarify the meaning of the pray for stopping the fratricide. Father Ioann opened the list of Martyrs for Christ under the new regime.
1 November. The funeral of five soldiers of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison took place in the communal grave in the Alexander Park, their dead bodies were added to the victims of events of 30 February.

12 December. The rare vintages, priced at about 10 millions francs, of the cellars of the palace of Grand Prince Palei were distroyed and robbed according to the order of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet. Citizens of Tsarskoye Selo scooped the wine with snow from the gutters using buckets, drunk men dragged in the mire along the gutter verges.

27 December. The first steam engine "T" was repaired and transferred for the work by the steam engine maintenance point which was organizes on the basis of the former Emperor railway workshop. This date became the foudation date of the Pushkin Track Repair -Mechanics Plant, socialict enterprise. By 1924 plant repaired 52 steam engines for year .

December. The 2nd common labour school began to work on the basis of the Mariinskaya women gymnasium. Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Bely Andrey (real name Bugaev Boris Nikolaevich)
Belyayev, Afanasy Ivanovich, archpriest
Dybenko Pavel Efimovich
Esenin Sergey Alexandrovich
Georgenberger, I.Ya.
Golitsyn Nikolay Dmitrievich
Ioann Kochurov, Archpriest
Ivanov-Razumnik (real name Razumnik Vasilievich Ivanov)
Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich
Kornilov Lavr Georgievich
Krasin Leonid Borisovich
Krasnov Peter Nikolaevich
Lenin (real name Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich
Lyulin, M.M.
Nicholas II, Emperor
Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich
Reed John
Rodzyanko Mikhail Vladimirovich
Savinkov Boris Viktorovich
Shorin Alexander Fedorovich
Svyatsky, Niktopolion Pavlovich
Tatarintsev, Nikolay Ivanovich
Pushkin, town
Pushkin, town