| | -
hidden Persons of Tsarskoye Selo -
hidden Monuments of history and culture | Catherine I, Empress hidden Catherine I (1684-1727), Empress | |
CATHERINE I (nee Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727, St. Petersburg), Empress (crowned in 1721), the second wife of Tsar Peter the Great (from 1712), mother of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. After the death of her husband (1725) she was enthroned by A.D ... | | CATHERINE I (nee Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727, St. Petersburg), Empress (crowned in 1721), the second wife of Tsar Peter the Great (from 1712), mother of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. After the death of her husband (1725) she was enthroned by A.D. Menshikov, who was the real ruler of Russia during her reign. Catherine I's only remarkable accomplishment in St. Petersburg was the opening of the Academy of Sciences (1725). From 1710, she had owned the Sarskaya Grange (Tsarskoe Selo), where a small stone palace was built for her in 1717-23, called Ekaterinhof from 1711. In St. Petersburg, she owned Peter the Great's Summer Palace located at the Fontanka River (on site of the present-day Mikhailovsky Castle). She was buried at the SS. Peter&Paul Cathedral. References: Арсеньев К. И. Царствование Екатерины I. СПб., 1856; Анисимов Е. В. Россия без Петра, 1725-1740. СПб., 1994. G. V. Kalashnikov.
| | | | hidden Catherine Palace (Town of Pushkin) | |
CATHERINE PALACE (Town of Pushkin), an architectural monument of the Baroque period, compositional centre and dominating architecture of the park and palace ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo ... | | CATHERINE PALACE (Town of Pushkin), an architectural monument of the Baroque period, compositional centre and dominating architecture of the park and palace ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo. In 1717-1723, on this site a small stone palace of Empress Catherine I (architect I.F. Braunstein) was constructed concurrently with the establishment of the Catherine Park. From 1743, work on the palace extension was started (architect M.G. Zemtsov), after his death work continued under the guidance of architects A.V. Kvasov and S.I. Chevakinsky. From late 1748 - architect F. Rastrelli. In May of 1752, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna ordered everything that had been erected earlier to be reconstructed and in 1756 the Catherine Palace was completed. At this stage it consisted only of the western parade court, framed by single-story semicircular buildings - surrounded with splendid wrought railings with gilded details and gates along the central axis of the palace. The facades are decorated with moulded figures of caryatids, cartouche, masks (sculptor I. F. Dunker), marked with ochre colour against the turquoise background (up to the 1770s, the stucco work was gilded). Originally the front staircase was in the south section of the Catherine Palace, on the second floor were also located the "Golden Enfilade", comprising of five "antechambers", double tiered Grand Hall and a number of sitting rooms, their fretwork above the doors created an impression of a gold stream. Among the interiors is the Amber Room. The length of the Catherine palace's facades is over 325 metres. The central part of the building (The Middle House) has retained the parameters of the palace of Catherine I. The side wings that replaced the original open terrace unite the central part with the wings: to the north there is a church (1779-84, architect I.V. Neelov) and to the south - Zubovsky (1778-1784, architect Y.M. Felten). Under Catherine II, in the 1780s, new interiors were added according to the designs of C. Cameron: the Arabesque and the Lyon sitting rooms, the Silver Study and others in the south part of the Catherine Palace, the rooms of the Grand Prince Pavel Petrovich (the Green dining-room, the Bedchamber and others) in the northern part. To the south-eastern side of the Catherine Palace the complex of the so-called Cameron Gallery, the Cold Bath (Agate Pavilion), the hanging garden and the ramp (1780-87; 1792-94) are united. In 1817-20, and in the 1840s architect V.P. Stasov made some changes in the palace's interiors, in 1860-63 architect I. A. Monighetti (Chinese front staircase in the central part). Since 1918, the Catherine Palace has been a palace-museum, in 1941-44, it was practically levelled, restoration following the project of architect A.A. Kedrinsky was launched in 1957. Restoration works continue up to the present. See also "Tsarskoe Selo" article. A. A. Alexeev.
Persons Braunstein Johann Friedrich Cameron Charles Catherine I, Empress Catherine II, Empress Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich Dunker Johann Franz Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich Kedrinsky Alexander Alexandrovich Kvasov Andrey Vasilievich Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich Neelov Ilya Vasilievich Paul (Pavel) I, Emperor Rastrelli Francesco de Stasov Vasily Petrovich Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
| | | | hidden Elizaveta (Elizabeth) Petrovna (1709-1761), Empress | |
ELIZAVETA (Elizabeth) PETROVNA (1709-1761, St. Petersburg), Empress (since 1741), daughter of Peter the Great and Elizaveta I. Before taking the throne, she lived in a palace at the Tsaritsyn Medow in St ... | | ELIZAVETA (Elizabeth) PETROVNA (1709-1761, St. Petersburg), Empress (since 1741), daughter of Peter the Great and Elizaveta I. Before taking the throne, she lived in a palace at the Tsaritsyn Medow in St. Petersburg, then in the Summer Palace on the Fontanka River Embankment. By order of Peter the Great, a country residence was built for Elizaveta Petrovna, called Elizavethof (1714, near Ekaterinhof). She came to power as a result of a court coup. The Academy of Arts and the Russian Drama Theatre were founded in St. Petersburg during the reign of Elizaveta Petrovna. Elizaveta Petrovna, being a passionate lover of luxury, tried to give St. Petersburg a metropolitan look supporting its development (the Baroque style that dominates the literature of the 1740-50s is called Elizabethan). Several palaces were built or started to be constructed for Elizaveta Petrovna, including the Winter Palace, the Anichkov Palace, and the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. Under her rule, the Smolny Convent, The St. Nicholas Cathedral, the Tuchkov and the Sampsonyevsky bridges, and other buildings were constructed; the Porcelain Plant was founded (1744), as was the Krasnoselskaya Chintz Factory (1752), and the Noble and Merchant Leverage Banks. She was buried at the SS. Peter&Paul Cathedral. References: Анисимов Е. В. Елизавета Петровна. 3-е изд. М., 1999; Писаренко К. А. Повседневная жизнь русского Двора в царствование Елизаветы Петровны. М., 2003. G. V. Kalashnikov.
| | | | hidden Menagerie (an ensemble of the Alexander Park) | |
The oldest part of the park, founded as the Menagerie, occupied more than a half of the Alexander Park territory. The area for the Menagerie has been chosen as early as 1710 ... | | The oldest part of the park, founded as the Menagerie, occupied more than a half of the Alexander Park territory. The area for the Menagerie has been chosen as early as 1710, the date coincides with the first visit of Peter I and Catherine to “Saari Mois”. During 1718-1723 gardendesigners Ya. Roozen and I. Fokht laid out the area of the Menagerie. According to the landscape design the Menagerie can be named the second “wild grove” in the Tsarskoye Selo escape. The Menagerie area was three times greater than the regular garden of that time. A square plot of spruce forest with sides about 1 verst (3500 ft. ) was enclosed with a wooden palisade and ditch. The Menagerie was located on the central axis of the stone mansion but in the distance 400 sazhens (852 metres) from it. A vista road, with lime tree planted along it, led to it. In the middle of every Menagerie sides there were lattice cabinet-work gates with wickets. In the center there was an open lattice garden-house which was set on an artificial hill. Under the garden-house there was covered up with earth stone cellar where stores for hunting were saved. Clearings (so-called “Plezir”) led from the garden-house to the gates and corners. The Zverinochny Pond, where there were pikes, was dug on the Kioke River (or Kuzminka) which flowed there. A mill dam was constructed and a mill shed and granary were built on the dam. Deer, elks, Siberian deer, wild boars were placed in the Menagerie from the beginning, sometimes hares were added. Special workers were responsible for supervising animals as far as the palisade. They worked under the direction of the senior forester. In addition the senior forester supervised forests in all country-houses of Tsarskoye Selo. The Palace sloboda peasants were contracted to supply moss for feeding up animals, hay was brought from the palace stables. In autumn black grouse hunting, using stuffed birds from disguised with fir branches boxes on sledge, was the most attractive amusement. Catherine I, Peter II, Princess Elizabeth with courtiers liked hunting elks, deer, foxes, hares and stuffed birds in Tsarskoye Selo. In 1750-1752 according to the design of Rastrelli the hunting lands were fenced with the stone fence of 4.5 arshine (about 3.2 metres) instead of the wooden palisade. In the middles of the fence sides there were passages, two fronts crossed the Kuzminka River. So called Menagerie (Zverinets) line of the Upper hothouses, been here from 1722, bordered with the south-eastern front from the outside. According to rules of military engineering the engineer Pyetr Ostrovsky built four bulwarks crowned with lusthauses in the corners of the stone fence. Diagonal clearings which were begun at the Monbijow ground to the lusthauses. The Tsarskoye Selo Menagerie was used for presentations . According to the court ceremonial hunting for the diplomatic corps and other guests of high rank were organized in the Tsarskoye Selo Menagerie. Empress Elisabeth received ambassadors of France and Austria in the pavilion Monbijow that was richly decorated with pictures of hunting plots. . Keeping wild animals in captivity, hunting and high perimeter fence was unacceptable for ideas of landscape parks which became popular and it changed the attitude to menageries. New landscape parks were often begun to create on these areas. The Alexander Park is one of example of this. During the rule of Catherine II, who herself was a lover of hunting, the hunting grounds were located in Tsarskoye Selo environments in forests on the Slavyanka River banks and then in Gatchina Town. Gradually the Menagerie fell into neglect and only in 1799 Emperor Paul I ordered to introduce order in the forest, to repair the Monbijow, the Menagerie roads and clearings, but works were stopped in 1801. In 1803 Alexander I ordered to give a part of the Menagerie area for experiments of The Forestry School organized in Sophia Town. In March 1814 a gardening school or a nursery for trees, that were needed for planting on the vast territory of the creating Alexander Park, was opened. In addition to old clearings landscape roads and paths were paved in the Menagerie during 1819-1823. The east bulwark, surrounded with a ditch, was preserved and included in the new landscape composition of the park. The Menagerie wall and three bulwarks were knocked down, their places were laid out, ditches were filled up. Bricks and stones, remained after dismantling, were used for constructing new buildings: the White Tower, the Chapelle, the Farm group, the Menagerie line of Green Houses, pavilions for llamas and elephants. These pavilions served as the peculiar marking of the borders of the Menagerie territory.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Catherine I, Empress Catherine II, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress Foсht I. Ostrovsky, Pyetr Paul (Pavel) I, Emperor Peter I, Emperor Rastrelli Francesco de Roozen Yan
Addresses Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden | | |
A part of the area of the closed Wall-paper Factory with old barracks and director’s house, belonged to the Banknote Factory since 1780, was given for building the Town Council according to the Emperor’s order in 1859 ... | | A part of the area of the closed Wall-paper Factory with old barracks and director’s house, belonged to the Banknote Factory since 1780, was given for building the Town Council according to the Emperor’s order in 1859. The project of adaptation of the director’s house into the office and hall for public meetings of the Town Council with the inscription on the façade “The Tsarskoye Selo Town Council” was developed by I.A. Monighetti. The construction was directed by A.F. Vidov. In 1865 the Town Council was moved into a new building which was enlarged and overbuilt with the third floor. In 1901-1902 the building was replanned and enlarged once more to the design of A.R. Bakh. Meetings of temporary premises session of the circuit court and military presences, performances, concerts, charity lotteries were held in the Town Council hall. The assembly hall was decorated with bronze busts of owners of Tsarskoye Selo, empresses Catherine I and Catherine II, a portrait of Nicholas II completed the gallery of the emperors of the 19th century. In the anteroom there was a bust of the Governor of Tsarskoye Selo Artillery General Ya. V. Zakharzhevsky.
Persons Bach Alexander Romanovich Catherine I, Empress Catherine II, Empress Luchini Giovanni (Ivan Franzevich) Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich Nicholas II, Emperor Vidov Alexander Fomich Zakharzhevsky, Ya.V.
Addresses Naberezhnaya Street/Pushkin, town
| | | | hidden The Tsarskoye Selo Palace Hospital | |
The Tsarskoye Selo Palace Hospital included two charity establishments: a hospital and alms-house, both supported for the money of the Palace Board since the time of Catherine I ... | | The Tsarskoye Selo Palace Hospital included two charity establishments: a hospital and alms-house, both supported for the money of the Palace Board since the time of Catherine I. The hospital was placed in this place, originally located near Torgovaya (Trade) Square at the entry into Tsarskoye Selo from Moscow Road, according to the order of Alexander I of 23 October 1808. One-storied wooden building of the hospital with the Church of the Consolation of all the Afficted, alms-houses, chemist's shops, gardens for men and women departments, the fence around the hospital complex were built during 1809-1817 to the design of the architect V.I. Geste. On 21 July 1844 Nicholas I approved the design of new stone buildings for the hospital instead of outmoded wooden ones, that was developed by the architect D.Ye. Yefimov. The construction works were being done from 1844 until 1852 under the direction of the architect N.S. Nikitin. Hospital buildings have survived until present time. The main building of the hospital and detached buildings of the alms-house, chemist’s house, dwelling house for hospital workers, wash-house, chapel were surrounded with a fence and garden laid out on the base of the old hospital gardens by the gardener V. Miller. The consecration of the hospital church in the name of the icon of the Mother of God “Consolation of All Who Sorrow” took place on 28 September 1852. The court surgeon F.F. Zhukovsko-Volynsky 1804-1879) worked as the head physician of the hospital. Considerable works on modernization and re-equipment of the hospital were done from the late 19th century to the early 20th century to the designs of A.F. Vidov, A.R. Bach, S.A. Danini with the participation of doctors A.F. Gaaze, Ye.S. Botkin. The female-surgeon Princess V.I. Gedroits worked here according to the will of Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna. An outpatients department and admission room were built to the main building in 1908-1914 to the design of architect Danini. The hospital church of the Consolation of all the Afficted was enlarged, the cave-temple of Sts. Constantine and Helen, Equal-to-the-Apostles with separate entrance was placed in the new annex. In 1911-1913 Danini built a pavilion for infectious patients. In this pavilion during World War I there was a department for officers for thirty bunks of the Own Hospital No. 3 which was established for wounded men for personal savings of the empress. The Own hospital department for lower ranks for 200 people occupied the upper floor in the main building of the hospital. Sisters Romanov worked at this hospital until the arrest in February 1917. Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna was a scrub nurse, she assisted to the surgeon V.I. Gedroits and herself did bandaging. Her elder daughters Grand Duchesses Olga Nikolayevna and Tatiana Nikolayevna worked side by side of the mother. Now the N.A. Semashko Town Hospital No. 38 of the Health Protection Committee of Saint Petersburg is placed here.
Persons Alexander I, Emperor Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress Bach Alexander Romanovich Catherine I, Empress Danini Silvio Amvrosievich Efimov Dmitry Egorovich Gedroits, Vera Ignatyevna, princess Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William) Nicholas I, Emperor Nikitin, N.S. Olga Nikolaevna, Grand Princess Tatyana Nikolaevna, Grand Princess Vidov Alexander Fomich Zhukovsko-Volynsky, F.F.
Addresses Gospitalnaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 7
| | | | hidden Tsarskoe Selo, palace and park ensemble | |
TSARSKOE SELO (Pushkin town), a monument of town-planning and a palace and park ensemble dating from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. The core of the ensemble is the estate of Empress Catherine I Sarskaya Myza (founded in 1710) ... | | TSARSKOE SELO (Pushkin town), a monument of town-planning and a palace and park ensemble dating from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. The core of the ensemble is the estate of Empress Catherine I Sarskaya Myza (founded in 1710). To the north of the Catherine Palace, is the Church of the Holy Sign (1734-46, architects M.Y. Blank, M.G. Zemtsov). In 1752-53, the ensemble of "cavaliers' houses" (4, 6, 10, 12 Sadovaya Street; architect S.I. Chevakinsky) was developed along the north fence of the Catherine Park and Lower Stables (building 18, 20; 1756-62, architects F. Rastrelli, Chevakinsky), Hothouses (building 14; 1750s, architect Rastrelli; reconstructed in 1820-28 by architect V.P. Stasov) and the so-called "stables of the horses on duty" (building 8; 1822-24, architect Stasov) were adjoined to the ensemble. In the middle of the 18th century, the development of the territory continued along Litseisky Lane (building 5 - choristers' wing, 1752-53) and Srednaya Street (building 1 and 3 - houses of the Palace Administration, 1744) - all designed by Chevakinsky. The formation of the palace settlement was interrupted in 1783, when the place for the new town Sofia was chosen to the south-east of the Catherine Park; its plan (architect C. Cameron) was to become a model for all major provincial towns of the Russian Empire. But the project was not implemented to the full and in 1808 the town was abolished (the Holy Wisdom Cathedral and Kazanskoe Cemetery have preserved); later, the territory was built up with quarters and barracks where the Life Guard Hussar Regiment, Riflemen Regiment, Cuirassier Regiment and Artillery School were quartered. The planning of Tsarskoe Selo features regular lay-out formed by perpendicular streets. The centre is the rectangular Sobornaya Square (1808, architect V.I. Hastie) with facades of the Municipal Government and Fire Department (28, 32 Leontyevskaya Street; 1821, architects V.I. Hastie, V.P. Stasov) and Gostiny dvor (25 Moskovskaya Street; 1863-66, architect N.S. Nikitin). St. Catherine's Cathedral (1835-40, architect K.A. Ton) was demolished in 1939. Until the early 20th century, the development was confined to Bulvarnaya Street (today Oktyabrsky Boulevard). The considerable part of Tsarskoe Selo is occupied with the Catherine Park, Alexander Park, Babolovsky Park, Separate Park with Colonists' Pond (along Pavlovskoe Freeway, laid out in 1824-25, architect A.A. Menelas; 1839-47, masters F.F. Lyamin, I.F. Piper; partially replanned in the mid-19th century by architect A.F. Vidov and in the early 20 century by architect S.A. Danini), and Lyceum Garden (1819, architect A.A. Menelas, replanned in 1849, architect D.E. Efimov) with the monument to Alexander Pushkin (1900, sculptor R.P. Bach), the summer residence of M.V. Kochubey (Spare, or Vladimirsky Palace) at 22 Sadovaya Street (1817-18, architect Stasov); the summer residence of Z.I. Yusupova (10-12 Pavlovskoe Freeway; 1856-59, architect I.A. Monighetti), the summer residence of Grand Prince Boris Vladimirovich (11 Moskovskoe Freeway; 1896-97, Maple English firm; 1899, architect A.I. von Gogen). In the early 20th century, in the north of Tsarskoe Selo (Akademichesky Avenue) an ensemble was created that included Feodorovsky Settlement; the Imperial garages (1906-07, architect S.A. Danini, 1913-15, architect A.K. Minyaev); quarters of His Imperial Majesty Escort (1916, architect V.N. Maximov); Tsar's Pavilion of the railway station (1912, architect V.A. Pokrovsky). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo suffered severe damage. In the course of post-war restoration work, main constituents and focuses of pre-revolutionary architecture have been preserved. References: Ласточкин С. Я., Рубежанский Ю. Ф. Царское Село - резиденция российских монархов: Архит. и воен.-ист. очерк. 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. СПб., 2000. Y. M. Piryutko.
Persons Blank Ivan (Jogann)Yakovlevich Cameron Charles Catherine I, Empress Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich Rastrelli Francesco de Stasov Vasily Petrovich Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
Addresses Akademichesky Avenue/Pushkin, town Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 32 Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 28 Litseisky Lane/Pushkin, town, house 5 Moskovskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 25 Moskovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 11 Oktyabrsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 10 Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 12 Pushkin, town Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 22 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 6 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 4 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 18 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 14 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 12 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 8 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 20 Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 10 Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 3 Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 1
| | | | hidden | | |
11 June (24 June NS) . Peter I granted to his wife Catherine Alekseyevna a part of Menshikov's estates including the Saari grange. "His Majesty has deigned to grant Saari and Slavonic granges with villages ... | | 11 June (24 June NS) . Peter I granted to his wife Catherine Alekseyevna a part of Menshikov's estates including the Saari grange. "His Majesty has deigned to grant Saari and Slavonic granges with villages, peasants and all grounds belonging to them to Catherine Alexeyevna", from Menshikov's letter to Larion Dumashev, the commandant of the Koporye Fortress, of 24 June 1710.
Persons Catherine I, Empress Menshikov Alexander Danilovich, Gracious Prince Peter I, Emperor
| | | | hidden | | |
7 March. Catherine Alexeyevna has become the ... | | | | | | | hidden | | |
After the death of Catherine I in 1727 the Saari Grange carried over Tsesarevna Elizabeth (Yelizaveta) Petrovna according to the ... | | | | | | | | |
