Bauer (Baur, Baor, Bawer, Bawr) Fiodor Vilimovich (Friedrich-Wilhelm) (1734–1783, SPb), military engineer, hydraulic engineering technologist, cartographer. He was an Swede by birth, he worked for Russia from 1769. Quartermaster-General (1769), Engineer-General (1780). Bauer was born in the county Ganau (Germany), he served on the army of Gessen, in Prussia, he took part in the Seven Years Warу and in Russco-Turkish War during the campaign of 1770-1771. From 1771 Bauer worked in St Petresburg, he was the Head of the General Staff and the author of its reforming. Several fortress, harbors in Kronstadt and Riga, and other constructions were built to the designs of Bauer. He designed and built several large hydraulic engineering constructions including the Mytishchi water supply system in Moscow, that was the central water supply system, first in Russia ( the work was began in 1779 and the work was finished in 1804), the Taitsy water supply system for providing Tsarskoyey Selo by water (the work was began in 1772), and the first heavy showerseverage system in St Petersburg. Bauer was the head of the Commission for the Constructing at the Fontanka River and the Catherine Canal (now the Griboyedov Canal) , the constructing of their granite embankments and descents were began under the heading of Bauer. The project of the canal between the River Msta and the River Volkhov was worked out by Bauer in 1782. He was the author of several works on the topographical descriptions of regions. Bauer lived in his own house in St Petersburg at the corner of the Big Neva River and the Fontanka River ("near the Laundress Bridge" ) (ite present address is 36 Kutuzov Embankment). The marble plaque was installed in the Grotto "Monk" in the Babolov Park in Tsarskoye Selo with the inscription in Russian and Latin " Tsarskoye Selo was provided with clean water, Tsarskoye Selo had not the clean water before, by the work of General von Bauer during the happy reign of Catherine II ".

Gerhard, Ivan Kondratyevich ( Johann - Konrad) (1720–1808), an engineer, privy councillor. He was born in Germany (Schwabia) and he got the elementary education there after that he learned at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. In 1765 he began to serve under the heading of Count Y.E. Sivers, the Novgorod governor, and Gerhard deserved the confidence of Count Sivers by his knowledge and diligence. From 1770 Gerhard took the post of an architect at the Imperial Water Constructions. The stores complex of the New Holland district (1765-1788), the Old Kalinkin Bridge across the Fontanka River (1786-1787), a bridge across the Kryukov Canal and the granite embankments of the Kryukov Canal (1801-1807), a pier with the descent on the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island and other constructions were built with participation of Gerhard. The construction of the 13-span constant drawbridge acroos the Neva River was designed by Gerhard (it was not realized ). Gerhard as a hydraulic engineering specialist worked on the development of the Ladoga Canal and the Vyshniy Volochek water way and also under the heading of F. Bauer he worked on the constructing of the Taitsi water supply system (1773-1784) for the providing Tsarskoye Selo by water. In 1795, when some parts of the water supply system became defunct, Gerhard suggested to replace the rotted wooden water pipes by the brickwork or to build the open stone canal with the fixing of the bottom and walls of the canal. The first more expencive variant was accepted. During 1795 - 1799 the stone canal with the length of 3 versts ( about 3 kilometres) was built by Engineer- Captain F. Toll under the heading of Gerhard . As well as the participation in the hydraulic work in St Petersburg , Gerhard as a member of the "Commission for the Water Constructions for Moscow" took part in the constructing of the Mytishchi water supply system. Gerhard headed the constructing after the death of Bauer, the author and the formal head of the constructing, in 1783. In 1797 Gerhard received the approval of his design for the providing Moscow by water and money for this work, all works were finished in 1804.

TSARSKOE SELO (Pushkin town), a monument of town-planning and a palace and park ensemble dating from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. The core of the ensemble is the estate of Empress Catherine I Sarskaya Myza (founded in 1710). To the north of the Catherine Palace, is the Church of the Holy Sign (1734-46, architects M.Y. Blank, M.G. Zemtsov). In 1752-53, the ensemble of "cavaliers' houses" (4, 6, 10, 12 Sadovaya Street; architect S.I. Chevakinsky) was developed along the north fence of the Catherine Park and Lower Stables (building 18, 20; 1756-62, architects F. Rastrelli, Chevakinsky), Hothouses (building 14; 1750s, architect Rastrelli; reconstructed in 1820-28 by architect V.P. Stasov) and the so-called "stables of the horses on duty" (building 8; 1822-24, architect Stasov) were adjoined to the ensemble. In the middle of the 18th century, the development of the territory continued along Litseisky Lane (building 5 - choristers' wing, 1752-53) and Srednaya Street (building 1 and 3 - houses of the Palace Administration, 1744) - all designed by Chevakinsky. The formation of the palace settlement was interrupted in 1783, when the place for the new town Sofia was chosen to the south-east of the Catherine Park; its plan (architect C. Cameron) was to become a model for all major provincial towns of the Russian Empire. But the project was not implemented to the full and in 1808 the town was abolished (the Holy Wisdom Cathedral and Kazanskoe Cemetery have preserved); later, the territory was built up with quarters and barracks where the Life Guard Hussar Regiment, Riflemen Regiment, Cuirassier Regiment and Artillery School were quartered. The planning of Tsarskoe Selo features regular lay-out formed by perpendicular streets. The centre is the rectangular Sobornaya Square (1808, architect V.I. Hastie) with facades of the Municipal Government and Fire Department (28, 32 Leontyevskaya Street; 1821, architects V.I. Hastie, V.P. Stasov) and Gostiny dvor (25 Moskovskaya Street; 1863-66, architect N.S. Nikitin). St. Catherine's Cathedral (1835-40, architect K.A. Ton) was demolished in 1939. Until the early 20th century, the development was confined to Bulvarnaya Street (today Oktyabrsky Boulevard). The considerable part of Tsarskoe Selo is occupied with the Catherine Park, Alexander Park, Babolovsky Park, Separate Park with Colonists' Pond (along Pavlovskoe Freeway, laid out in 1824-25, architect A.A. Menelas; 1839-47, masters F.F. Lyamin, I.F. Piper; partially replanned in the mid-19th century by architect A.F. Vidov and in the early 20 century by architect S.A. Danini), and Lyceum Garden (1819, architect A.A. Menelas, replanned in 1849, architect D.E. Efimov) with the monument to Alexander Pushkin (1900, sculptor R.P. Bach), the summer residence of M.V. Kochubey (Spare, or Vladimirsky Palace) at 22 Sadovaya Street (1817-18, architect Stasov); the summer residence of Z.I. Yusupova (10-12 Pavlovskoe Freeway; 1856-59, architect I.A. Monighetti), the summer residence of Grand Prince Boris Vladimirovich (11 Moskovskoe Freeway; 1896-97, Maple English firm; 1899, architect A.I. von Gogen). In the early 20th century, in the north of Tsarskoe Selo (Akademichesky Avenue) an ensemble was created that included Feodorovsky Settlement; the Imperial garages (1906-07, architect S.A. Danini, 1913-15, architect A.K. Minyaev); quarters of His Imperial Majesty Escort (1916, architect V.N. Maximov); Tsar's Pavilion of the railway station (1912, architect V.A. Pokrovsky). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo suffered severe damage. In the course of post-war restoration work, main constituents and focuses of pre-revolutionary architecture have been preserved.

References: Ласточкин С. Я., Рубежанский Ю. Ф. Царское Село - резиденция российских монархов: Архит. и воен.-ист. очерк. 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. СПб., 2000.

Y. M. Piryutko. Blank Ivan (Jogann)Yakovlevich
Cameron Charles
Catherine I, Empress
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Rastrelli Francesco de
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
Akademichesky Avenue/Pushkin, town
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 32
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 28
Litseisky Lane/Pushkin, town, house 5
Moskovskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 25
Moskovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 11
Oktyabrsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 10
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 12
Pushkin, town
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 22
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 6
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 4
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 18
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 14
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 12
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 8
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 20
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 10
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 3
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 1