ALEXANDROVSKY PARK (Pushkin), a landscape architecture monument, situated west of Ekaterininsky Park. The park is a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace and park ensemble. Alexandrovsky Park covers an area of 120 hectares. Its old regular part (the New Garden) was laid out in the 1750s (allegedly, by architects S.I. Chevakinsky, N. Girard); it is divided by Krestovy Canal into four squares with amusement tricks: scarpir (a round area with slopes), Chinese theatre (1778-79, architects A. Rinaldi, I.V. Neelov); Parnas hill and water maze. Over the canal, Krestovy, Kitaysky, Drakonov and other bridges were erected (built in the 1770s, architect Neelov). The complex of Chinese Village is situated south of the New Garden. The landscape park was established in the 1790s at the same time with the construction of Alexandrovsky Palace on the ground of the Menagerie of the period of Elizaveta Petrovna's reign (the fragments of bastions and canals setting its bounds remained to date). In the landscaped part of Alexandrovsky Park the artificial ponds were made: Detsky Pond (on the island there is a pavilion built for Emperor Nicholas I's children), Nizhny Pond, Vittolovsky Pond, and Lamsky. In the 1820s–30s according to the projects of architect A.A. Menelas, ornamental pavilions were built in various parts of the park. These included the White Tower (1821 - 27; destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, restored in the 1990s); the Arsenal (1819-34; built on the site of Mon bijou pavilion designed by architect S.I. Chevakinsky in 1747-54); Chapelle (Chapel; 1825–28) – neo-Gothic. Opposite the Chapelle, there are classical palace green-houses (1819-28). In the western part of Alexandrovsky Park flows the Kuzminka river, which has been dammed. Beside the river stands Lamsky Pavilion (1882), built for keeping lamas given to Emperor Alexander I (Nicholas II established a dark room here); and Pensionerskie Stables (1827-29), where emperors' horses were kept. North of Alexandrovsky Park, there are Feodorovsky Village, Ratnaya Chamber and other buildings in the neo-Russian style of the beginning of the 20th century.

Reference: see Tsarskoe Selo.

A. A. Alexeev. Alexander I, Emperor
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress
Girard N.
Menelas Adam Adamovich
Neelov Ilya Vasilievich
Nicholas I, Emperor
Nicholas II, Emperor
Rinaldi Antonio
the Neelovs

Four Cavaliers’ houses were built in 1752-1753 to the design of S.I. Chevakinsky according to Empress Elizabeth’s order given in 1748 about building dwelling houses in Sadovaya Street for arriving “cavaliers”. Originally all one-storied houses with mezzanines were equal, built in the Baroque style, they were joined with fences from Sadovaya Street and painted in the colour of the same with facades of the Catherine Palace. In 1784 I.V. Neyelov enlarged mezzanines, transformed them in the low second floor. In 1817 small front gardens were laid out in front of houses. The marshal’s house (6 Sadovaya Street) was rebuilt and doubled, in the middle of the 19th century the Tsarskoye Selo superintendent of Palace buildings lived here. The Study house (10 Sadovaya Street) was occupied by the office of the Governor of Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof and Gatchina over a some period in the early 19th century, in the middle of the 19th century noncommissioned - Masters of the Horse lived here. The field-doctor’s house (12 Sadovaya Street) was used for living the historian N.M. Karamzin in 1817 according to Alexander I’s order. Afterwards a campaign noncommissioned - Master of the Horse lived here. Alexander I, Emperor
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Elizaveta Alexeevna, Empress
Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich
Neelov Ilya Vasilievich
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 6
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 10
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 12

KARAMZIN Nikolay Mikhailovich (1766-1826, St. Petersburg), writer, critic, historian, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). He studied in a Moscow Boarding School. In 1782-84 he served with the Guards in St. Petersburg. After retiring he travelled in Europe (1789-90), and then lived mainly in Moscow. He was the founder of Russian sentimentalism. He was the author of Letters of a Russian Traveller, stories: Poor Lisa, Natalya the Boyar's Daughter, Marpha the Governor's Wife, etc., verses, essays, critique, translations. He played an important role in the development of Russian standard language, establishment of new trends in Russian literature, had an influence on V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, A.S.Pushkin. Karamzin's followers and associated formed a friends literature society, Arzamas, while their adversaries, archaists, headed by A.S. Shishkov - Conversations for Lovers of the Russian Word literature society. In 1803 he was appointed a historiographer by Emperor Alexander I and started working on his main work the History of the Russian State, the publication of which (vol. 1-12, 1816-29) was a milestone in the development of Russian science and self awareness. Karamzin was a firm believer in enlightened monarchy, in the early 1810s he argued against M.M. Spiransky's reforms. In 1816 he moved with his family to Tsarskoe Selo, where he was given one of the houses in Chinese Village. Pushkin visited him there as a lyceum pupil. While staying in St. Petersburg in 1816-18 Karamzin lived in E.F. Muravyeva's House (25 Fontanka River Embankment), he spent summer months in Tsarskoe Selo in the Kavalersky Block at 12 Sadovaya Street (1752-53, architect S.I. Chevakinsky; rebuilt in 1784, architect I.V. Neelov). The last Petersburg residence of Karamzin was Mizhuev's House (26 Fontanka River Embankment). Karamzin was a witness of the Decembrist Uprising on 14 December 1825 at Senatskaya Square. Karamzin criticised its participants and organisers for heedlessness, though he endured their fate as a personal tragedy (many of the conspirators were close acquaintances). On the day of the uprising Karamzin caught a cold, which resulted in a severe illness, the latter being fatal for Karamzin. He was buried at the Necropolis of Artists.

References: Эйдельман Н. Я. Последний летописец. М., 1983; Лотман Ю. М. Сотворение Карамзина. М., 1998; Шмидт С. О. Николай Михайлович Карамзин (1766-1826) // Портреты историков: Время и судьбы: В 2 т. М.; Иерусалим, 2000. Т. 1. С. 25-37.

N. L. Korsakova.

The building was constructed in the 1750s to the design of F.-B. Rastrelli in the Baroque style. Constructing was directed by the architect S.I. Chevakinsky. In 1820-1828 V.P. Stasov rebuilt the building in the Classicism style. The considerable collection of rare exotic plants from America, Africa, India, Spain, the Middle East - coffee trees, cactuses, orange trees, collections of pineapples and laurels- were collected in the hothouse during the time. The garden master Iogan (John) Bush was one of the first scientist keeper of rare plant. In summer time vats with plants were put out in front of the Catherine Palace and along Sadovaya Street. Traditionally gardeners and other workers lived in the hothouse apartments. At different times I. Bush, Alexander I’s favourite F.F. Lyamin, Ch. Cameron, governors of Tsarskoye Selo Leontyev and Ya.V. Zakharzhevsky lived here. In 1933-1934 the architect V.I. Yakovlev adapted the building for the Institute of Dairy Industry. He used an unrealized project of V.P. Stasov. Bush Iogann
Cameron Charles
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Leontyev, A.I.
Lyamin, F.F.
Rastrelli Francesco de
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Yakovlev Vsevolod Ivanovich
Zakharzhevsky, Ya.V.
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town
Oranzhereinaya Street/Pushkin, town
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town

Two-storied building (4 Sadovaya Street) was built in 1752-1753 to the design of S. Chevakinsky in the complex of four cavaliers’ houses for a linen-keeper of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. In 1811-1816 V.P. Stasov rebuilt it and built a wing on the plot (3 Pevchesky Lane). The façade was partly rebuilt by V.P. Stasov in Classicism style and it differed from other houses with rich decoration. The peak under the main entrance was decorated with the forged emblem of the Lyceum ,a lyre circled by symbols of wisdom (an owl), force (branches of an oak) and glory (a branch of a laurel). V.F. Malinovsky, the first director of the Lyceum, lived in this house, later Ye.A. Engelgardt, a director of the Lyceum, lived here too. Pupils of the Lyceum often visited this house. After 1843 the house was occupied by chief-Masters of the Horse, then a department of the court office was placed here. Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress
Engelgardt Egor Antonovich
Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 4

In the Tsarskoye Selo Palace of Tsarina Catherine Alexeyevna at first there was an camp private chapel of St. Catherine the Great Martyr. The main sight of this church was a carved iconostasis of dark blue colour. Building the palace church, being now, was begun in spring of 1746 to the design and under direction of S.I. Chevakinsky. The ceremonial laying of the Church of the Resurrection, performed by the Eminent Theodosius, Archbishop of Saint Petersburg and Schlusselburg, was been on 8 August of the same year in the presence of Empress Elisabeth, Heir Tsesarevich Pyetr Fiodorivich and his wife Catherine Alexeyevna. During bulding Elisabeth Petrovna ordered to remake a piece of done work and continue building under the direction of the chief-architect F.-B. Rastrelli.
Court painters G.-K. Grot, L. Karavak, B. Tarsia, I.Ya. Vishnyakov, A. Perezinotti were recruited to painting icons. In total in the church there were 114 icons, 59 of them were painted and 14 were corrected by famous icon-painter Fedot Kolokolnikov and Mina Kolokolnikov. The painting plafond with the image of the Ascension of Our Lord was painted by the painter G. Valeriani with assistants. Carving work was made by I.F. Dunker. The decoration of the interior was completed and Eminent Sylvester, Archbishop of Saint Petersburg and Schlusselburg, consecrated the Church of the Resurrection of Our Lord on 30 July in 1756 .
Religious services in the Palace Church of the Resurrection were performed by the court clergy during staying the Imperial court in Tsarskoye Selo. The Imperial retinue, ministers, diplomats, courtiers, officers of Life Guards regiments are present at the services. On Sundays and holidays the pupil of the Lyceum could be seen near Alexander I during liturgies.
The historian Karamzin with his family visited the church. Weddings of the Imperial family members and courtiers, christening of the Imperial family babies, who were born in Tsarskoye Selo, took place in the church. The future emperors Nicholas I and Nicholas II were among them. The church parish included the palace officials, lived in Tsarskoye Selo permanently. In 1917 public religious services were stopped and the church interior was included in the museum exposition.
The church interior had magnificent forms in the Baroque style. It was not subjected to considerable changes although the building experienced fires in 1820 and 1863. After the first fire the artist V.K. Shebuyev restored the lost in fire plafond, the church domes were restored to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov, their silhouettes were changed. The restoration of the original view of domes in the Baroque style were made by the architect A.F. Vidov after the second fire. During World War II the church inside decoration was plundered and got considerable damages, 97 icons were robbed, only some fragments were survived. After war restored repair of facades was made during 1957-1963 to the design of the architect A.A. Kedrinsky . But the church interior of the Palace Church has not been restored yet. Alexander I, Emperor
Catherine II, Empress
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Dunker Johann Franz
Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress
Grot, G.-K.
Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich
Kedrinsky Alexander Alexandrovich
Kvasov Andrey Vasilievich
Nicholas I, Emperor
Nicholas II, Emperor
Peter III, Emperor
Rastrelli Francesco de
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Tarsia, B.
Valeriani Giuseppe
Vidov Alexander Fomich

TSARSKOE SELO (Pushkin town), a monument of town-planning and a palace and park ensemble dating from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. The core of the ensemble is the estate of Empress Catherine I Sarskaya Myza (founded in 1710). To the north of the Catherine Palace, is the Church of the Holy Sign (1734-46, architects M.Y. Blank, M.G. Zemtsov). In 1752-53, the ensemble of "cavaliers' houses" (4, 6, 10, 12 Sadovaya Street; architect S.I. Chevakinsky) was developed along the north fence of the Catherine Park and Lower Stables (building 18, 20; 1756-62, architects F. Rastrelli, Chevakinsky), Hothouses (building 14; 1750s, architect Rastrelli; reconstructed in 1820-28 by architect V.P. Stasov) and the so-called "stables of the horses on duty" (building 8; 1822-24, architect Stasov) were adjoined to the ensemble. In the middle of the 18th century, the development of the territory continued along Litseisky Lane (building 5 - choristers' wing, 1752-53) and Srednaya Street (building 1 and 3 - houses of the Palace Administration, 1744) - all designed by Chevakinsky. The formation of the palace settlement was interrupted in 1783, when the place for the new town Sofia was chosen to the south-east of the Catherine Park; its plan (architect C. Cameron) was to become a model for all major provincial towns of the Russian Empire. But the project was not implemented to the full and in 1808 the town was abolished (the Holy Wisdom Cathedral and Kazanskoe Cemetery have preserved); later, the territory was built up with quarters and barracks where the Life Guard Hussar Regiment, Riflemen Regiment, Cuirassier Regiment and Artillery School were quartered. The planning of Tsarskoe Selo features regular lay-out formed by perpendicular streets. The centre is the rectangular Sobornaya Square (1808, architect V.I. Hastie) with facades of the Municipal Government and Fire Department (28, 32 Leontyevskaya Street; 1821, architects V.I. Hastie, V.P. Stasov) and Gostiny dvor (25 Moskovskaya Street; 1863-66, architect N.S. Nikitin). St. Catherine's Cathedral (1835-40, architect K.A. Ton) was demolished in 1939. Until the early 20th century, the development was confined to Bulvarnaya Street (today Oktyabrsky Boulevard). The considerable part of Tsarskoe Selo is occupied with the Catherine Park, Alexander Park, Babolovsky Park, Separate Park with Colonists' Pond (along Pavlovskoe Freeway, laid out in 1824-25, architect A.A. Menelas; 1839-47, masters F.F. Lyamin, I.F. Piper; partially replanned in the mid-19th century by architect A.F. Vidov and in the early 20 century by architect S.A. Danini), and Lyceum Garden (1819, architect A.A. Menelas, replanned in 1849, architect D.E. Efimov) with the monument to Alexander Pushkin (1900, sculptor R.P. Bach), the summer residence of M.V. Kochubey (Spare, or Vladimirsky Palace) at 22 Sadovaya Street (1817-18, architect Stasov); the summer residence of Z.I. Yusupova (10-12 Pavlovskoe Freeway; 1856-59, architect I.A. Monighetti), the summer residence of Grand Prince Boris Vladimirovich (11 Moskovskoe Freeway; 1896-97, Maple English firm; 1899, architect A.I. von Gogen). In the early 20th century, in the north of Tsarskoe Selo (Akademichesky Avenue) an ensemble was created that included Feodorovsky Settlement; the Imperial garages (1906-07, architect S.A. Danini, 1913-15, architect A.K. Minyaev); quarters of His Imperial Majesty Escort (1916, architect V.N. Maximov); Tsar's Pavilion of the railway station (1912, architect V.A. Pokrovsky). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo suffered severe damage. In the course of post-war restoration work, main constituents and focuses of pre-revolutionary architecture have been preserved.

References: Ласточкин С. Я., Рубежанский Ю. Ф. Царское Село - резиденция российских монархов: Архит. и воен.-ист. очерк. 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. СПб., 2000.

Y. M. Piryutko. Blank Ivan (Jogann)Yakovlevich
Cameron Charles
Catherine I, Empress
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Rastrelli Francesco de
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
Akademichesky Avenue/Pushkin, town
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 32
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 28
Litseisky Lane/Pushkin, town, house 5
Moskovskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 25
Moskovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 11
Oktyabrsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 10
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 12
Pushkin, town
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 22
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 6
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 4
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 18
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 14
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 12
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 8
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 20
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 10
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 3
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 1

Rebuilding the estate manor (with the aim to enlarge it) was begun under the direction of A.V. Kvasov and S.I. Chevakinsky. Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Kvasov Andrey Vasilievich

The Grand Greenhouse and Lower Stables buildings in Sadovaya Street according to designs of S.I. Chevakinsky and F.-B. Rastrelli were built. Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Rastrelli Francesco de
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town