ALEXANDER PALACE (Pushkin), an architectural monument in Neoclassical style; constructed in 1792-96 (architect G. Quarenghi); located on the territory of the Alexander Park. It forms a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace and park ensemble; was meant for the grandson of Empress Catherine II, Grand Prince Alexander Pavlovich (the future Emperor Alexander I), whom it was named after. Later on, it served as a private imperial residence (under Emperor Nicholas II - his permanent residence). The building of the Alexander Palace is placed along the axis of the transverse alley of the park, enclosing its perspective with the southern facade adorned with semirotunda dome. The main northern facade is marked with a double Corinthian colonnade set between symmetrical corbels. On the porch in front of the colonnade there are cast-iron statues, cast in 1838 in Alexandrovsky Factory to the designs of sculptor N.S. Pimenov (The youth, playing knucklebones) and A.V. Loganovsky (The youth, playing fid). After the February Revolution of 1917 Nicholas II and members of his family were kept in the Alexander Palace until they were exiled to Tobolsk. From 1918, the Alexander Palace functioned as a palace-museum. In 1949, in it the exposition of the All-Union Museum of Alexander Pushkin was opened, shortly afterwards it was closed down, as the building was given to a military department. As a result the Alexander Palace suffered greatly because of incorrect maintenance. Since the 1990s, reconstruction has been conducted, a number of halls host museum displays. The interiors decorated to the plans of architects V.P. Stasov (1817-27) and R.F. Meltzer (1896-98).

References: Александровский дворец и парк в г. Пушкине. Л., 1937; see also the article Tsarskoe Selo.

A. A. Alexeev. Alexander I, Emperor
Catherine II, Empress
Loganovsky Alexander Vasilievich
Meltzer Roman (Robert-Friedrich) Fedorovich
Nicholas II, Emperor
Pimenov Nikolay Stepanovich
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich
Quarenghi Giacomo
Stasov Vasily Petrovich

Bauer (Baur, Baor, Bawer, Bawr) Fiodor Vilimovich (Friedrich-Wilhelm) (1734–1783, SPb), military engineer, hydraulic engineering technologist, cartographer. He was an Swede by birth, he worked for Russia from 1769. Quartermaster-General (1769), Engineer-General (1780). Bauer was born in the county Ganau (Germany), he served on the army of Gessen, in Prussia, he took part in the Seven Years Warу and in Russco-Turkish War during the campaign of 1770-1771. From 1771 Bauer worked in St Petresburg, he was the Head of the General Staff and the author of its reforming. Several fortress, harbors in Kronstadt and Riga, and other constructions were built to the designs of Bauer. He designed and built several large hydraulic engineering constructions including the Mytishchi water supply system in Moscow, that was the central water supply system, first in Russia ( the work was began in 1779 and the work was finished in 1804), the Taitsy water supply system for providing Tsarskoyey Selo by water (the work was began in 1772), and the first heavy showerseverage system in St Petersburg. Bauer was the head of the Commission for the Constructing at the Fontanka River and the Catherine Canal (now the Griboyedov Canal) , the constructing of their granite embankments and descents were began under the heading of Bauer. The project of the canal between the River Msta and the River Volkhov was worked out by Bauer in 1782. He was the author of several works on the topographical descriptions of regions. Bauer lived in his own house in St Petersburg at the corner of the Big Neva River and the Fontanka River ("near the Laundress Bridge" ) (ite present address is 36 Kutuzov Embankment). The marble plaque was installed in the Grotto "Monk" in the Babolov Park in Tsarskoye Selo with the inscription in Russian and Latin " Tsarskoye Selo was provided with clean water, Tsarskoye Selo had not the clean water before, by the work of General von Bauer during the happy reign of Catherine II ".

Catherine II (1729-1796, St. Petersburg), Empress (from 1761), wife of Emperor Peter III (1745). Nee Sophie Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. Lived in St. Petersburg from 1744, coming to power by dethroning her husband (1762). During the reign of Catherine II, Russia was engaged in long wars with Turkey, Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, gaining large territories in the Black Sea region, Ukraine, and Belorussia. She carried out a series of national reforms. Excessive State taxes, preservation of serfdom, and an extension of nobility rights gave birth to a severe political and financial crisis, which occurred in the first half of the 19th century. Many new public and cultural institutions appeared during Catherine II's reign, which revived St. Petersburg with active and luxurious development, including the building of the Marble, Taurida, Yusupov, and Kamenoostrovsky palaces; the Maly and Sredny hermitages and the Hermitage Theatre; the Bolshoy Gostiny Dvor; the Smolny Institute; the palaces and parks of Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Gatchina, Pella; the Fontanka and Neva (present-day Kutuzovskaya, Dvortsovaya, and Angliiskaya) embankments; and the Peter and Paul Fortress Bastions, which were dressed in stone. Government was repeatedly reformed, establishing the position of City Head (1766), reorganising the City Council (1775), and establishing a Municipal Duma (1786). In St. Petersburg, Catherine II lived in the Winter Palace; before taking the throne, she usually spent her summers in Oranienbaum, where the Sobstvenny Garden was laid out for her, and where she ordered the construction of the China Palace and the Katalnaya Gorka (the Skating Hill). From the 1760s, she preferred to live in Tsarskoe Selo. She was buried in the SS. Peter&Paul Cathedral. There are monuments to Catherine II in St. Petersburg (see Catherine II's monument) and in Tsarskoe Selo (1862, artist M.O. Mikeshin, sculptor I.N. Schroder, not preserved).

References: Бильбасов В. А. История Екатерины Второй. СПб., 1890-1891. Т. 1-2; Каменский А. Б. "Под сению Екатерины": Вторая половина XVIII в. СПб., 1992; Омельченко О. А. "Законная монархия" Екатерины II: Просвещенный абсолютизм в России. М., 1993; Брикнер А. Г. История Екатерины Второй. М., 2002.

G. V. Kalashnikov.

CATHERINE PARK (Pushkin town), a monument of landscape architecture and the central part of Tsarskoe Selo palace ensemble. Its consists of a total of 107 hectares The park consists of a grassed and a landscape areas, divided by the Great Pond, formed by damming the Vangazia Brook. The regular Old Park (1717-20s, garden masters Y. Roozen and I. Focht) was laid out on artificial terraces to the north of the pond. There are parterre lawns and flower gardens on the upper terrace near the Catherine park, two small ponds on the next one, and on the lower terrace there are bosquets between the three divergent alley ways, leading to Rybny Canal, behind which, in the so-called Wild Grove, the Hermitage pavilion is situated (1744-54, architect M.G. Zemtsov , F. Rastrelli). The Grotto (Morning Hall) is located on the bank of the pond (1749-61, architect Rastrelli). There are marble sculptures and busts of the early 18th century on the park's paths (masters A. Tarsia, P. Baratta, et al.). Pavilions of the Upper and the Lower Baths were constructed in classical style on the terraces of the garden by projects of architect I.V. Neelov (see the Neelov family) in the late 1770s, and the Hermitage kitchen in the Pseudo-Gothic style at the Wild Grove entrance. The practice of tree trimming was ceased under Empress Catherine II, and the garden lost its regular character. The landscape part of the Catherine Park (1762-96, garden masters J. Bush, T. Ilyin, architect V.I. Neelov) was laid out around the Great Pond, the geometric outlines of which were changed to fit the landscape style, and the following artificial islands were made: the Great Island (with a hall on it, 1794, architect G. Quarenghi), Wild Island, Stone Island, and Rabbit Island. Artificial Cascading Ponds were connected with the Great Pond. Admiralty complex (1773-77, architect V.I. Neelov) is situated on the east bank of the Great Pond. The Column of Morea (1771), Kagul Obelisk (1771-72) and Chesme Column (1774-76) were erected in honour of victories in the Russo-Turkish Wars of the second half of the 18th century in the landscape part of the park by projects of architect A. Rinaldi. In the south part of the Catherine Park the Tower Ruin with a rampart of packed earth (1771-73), the Gothic Gates (1777-80, architect Y.M. Velten), and Gatchina (Orlov) Gates (1777-78, architect Rinaldi). Nearby, located beyond the park boundary, the Crimea Column is situated (1777-85, sculptor G.I. Kozlov). Swan pools with weirs and cascades are located to the southwest of the Great Pond, behind Sibirsky (Palladiev) Bridge (1772-74, architect V. I. Neelov). The Pyramid with a cemetery for dogs of the royal court with Water Laborinth near it are in the same part of the park. In the western part of the Catherine park there is the Ramp Alley and the Granite Terrace (1809, architect L. Rusca), on which copies of Antique sculptures were installed in the 1850s (master A. Hamburger). A path leads down from the terrace to the Milk Maid fountain (1816, engineer A.A. Bethencourt; female statue - sculptor P.P. Sokolov). To the west of the Ramp Alley there are the Upper Ponds, with the Concert Hall on an island with the Kitchen Ruins (1782-88, architect Quarenghi) and the Evening Hall pavilion (1796, architect I.V. Neelov, 1810-11, architect Rusca). the Catherine Park is separated from the Chinese Village by Podkapriznaya Road. In the 19th century the Catherine Park was enriched with: gates "For My Dear Colleagues" (1817, architect V.P. Stasov), the Turkish Baths (the 1850s, architect I.A. Monighetti), the Personal Garden was laid out with marble pergola and a fountain (1865, architect A.F. Vidov). The Regular design of the Old Garden was restored in the 1960-70s (architect N.E. Tumanova).

Reference: see Tsarskoe Selo entry.

A. A. Alexeev. Baratta Pietro
Bethencourt Avgustin Avgustinovich
Bush Joseph (John)
Catherine II, Empress
Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich
Foсht I.
Hamburger I.A.
Ilyin T.
Kozlov Grigory Mikhailovich
Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich
Neelov Ilya Vasilievich
Neelov Vasily Ivanovich
Quarenghi Giacomo
Rastrelli Francesco de
Rinaldi Antonio
Roozen Yan
Rusca Luigi (Aloisy Ivanovich)
Sokolov Pavel Petrovich
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Tarsia Antonio
Tumanova Natalia Evgenievna
Vidov Alexander Fomich
Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich

Pushkin Town, Parkovaya Street, South-West part of the Catherine Park.

By the architect Antonio Rinaldi (1709-1794)

Gatchina (Orlov) Gates were erected in 1777-1782 on the place of the temporary wooden triumphal arch.

Materials : Siberia grey marble - facing of the Gates; Tivdy pink marble – columns, panels; forging iron, bronze – doors of the Gates; gilt copper – types.

Inscriptions:
Inscription on the attic, from the side of Gatchina Road :
"Moscow has been delivered from misfortune by Orlov";
Inscription on the attic, from the side of the park:
" In 1771 the plague and disturbances were in Moscow, General Count Grigory Orlov was sent to Moscow, according his requst, and he arranged the order and obedience, he stopped the plague by his management and gave the food and healing for poor men".

The Gatchina Gates was the first sample of a triumphal arch in Russian architecture that was built using the durable materials and with using the samples of the Ancient Roman architecture. The inscription on the South attic is the quote from the poem of the poet V.I. Maikov addressed to G.G. Orlov; the inscription on the opposite side maybe was made by Catherine II. Forging doors of the Gates with the rolled bronze decorations were made at the Sestroretsk plants. Catherine II, Empress
Maykov Vasily Ivanovich
Orlov Grigory Grigorievich, Count
Rinaldi Antonio
Parkovaya Street/Pushkin, town в юго-западной части Екатерининского парка

Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William) (1753-1832), architect. Native of Switzerland, in 1784 he came to Russia by invitation of C. Cameron, settling in Tsarskoye Selo on Angliiskaya Street. In 1792 he was hired as an architect for the developed of plans for "example" houses approved by the Empress Catherine II. In 1795-99, he served in the south of Russia. In September 1803-February 1805 he was an architect of Izhorsky factories, he projected a number of industrial and administrative buildings, including the building of the factory office (1803-04), the stone factory dyke on the Izhora River (early 19th century, in collaboration with K.K. Gaskoiny). In 1806-18 Politseisky (now Narodny), Krasny, Siny, Potseluev bridges (see respective articles) were built in St. Petersburg to his designs. For the first time in Russian practice, arched bridges made of cast-iron "baskets" (tubings) connected by bolts were constructed. The project of Politseisky Bridge was considered a perfect example and became a standard design. As of 1808, Hastie was the city architect of Tsarskoye Selo, he made a complex plan of its buildings which became the example for provincial Russian towns, and he constructed a complex of the hospital buildings, Murgent's Court, Laundress' Yard, Material Yard, bath houses and residential houses. The following buildings based on his designs can still be seen today: the House for Palace Administration 8 Leontyevskaya Street, 1-3 Srednyaya Street), a building complex for the Police Administration (28 Leontyevskaya Street), the house of Kanobio (15 Leontyevskaya Street). He is the author of albums: Locks, bridges, and houses (1806?), plans for cast-iron bridges on the Moika (1807), buildings for Tsarskoye Selo town (1809), The anthology of facades of His Emperial Majesty approved for private buildings in the cities of the Russian Empire (1809, in collaboration with L. Rusca and V. P. Stasov), Division of city quarters into residential areas (1811), etc. He is buried at Kazanskoye Cemetery in the Tsarskoe Selo (the tombstone has not survived).

References: Коршунова М. Ф. Архитектор В. Гесте // Тр. / Гос. Эрмитаж. Л., 1977. № 18. С. 132-143; Соминич Г. Е. Архитектор Василий Иванович Гесте в Царском Селе // На рубеже двух эпох, 1801-1825-1825-1855: Тез. докл. Второй Царскосел. науч. конф. СПб., 1996. С. 53-56; Кузнецов С. О. Вильям Гесте // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XIX - начало XX века. СПб., 2000. С. 123-131.

Л. Д. Бурим.

The oldest part of the park, founded as the Menagerie, occupied more than a half of the Alexander Park territory. The area for the Menagerie has been chosen as early as 1710, the date coincides with the first visit of Peter I and Catherine to “Saari Mois”. During 1718-1723 gardendesigners Ya. Roozen and I. Fokht laid out the area of the Menagerie. According to the landscape design the Menagerie can be named the second “wild grove” in the Tsarskoye Selo escape. The Menagerie area was three times greater than the regular garden of that time. A square plot of spruce forest with sides about 1 verst (3500 ft. ) was enclosed with a wooden palisade and ditch. The Menagerie was located on the central axis of the stone mansion but in the distance 400 sazhens (852 metres) from it. A vista road, with lime tree planted along it, led to it. In the middle of every Menagerie sides there were lattice cabinet-work gates with wickets. In the center there was an open lattice garden-house which was set on an artificial hill. Under the garden-house there was covered up with earth stone cellar where stores for hunting were saved. Clearings (so-called “Plezir”) led from the garden-house to the gates and corners. The Zverinochny Pond, where there were pikes, was dug on the Kioke River (or Kuzminka) which flowed there. A mill dam was constructed and a mill shed and granary were built on the dam. Deer, elks, Siberian deer, wild boars were placed in the Menagerie from the beginning, sometimes hares were added. Special workers were responsible for supervising animals as far as the palisade. They worked under the direction of the senior forester. In addition the senior forester supervised forests in all country-houses of Tsarskoye Selo. The Palace sloboda peasants were contracted to supply moss for feeding up animals, hay was brought from the palace stables. In autumn black grouse hunting, using stuffed birds from disguised with fir branches boxes on sledge, was the most attractive amusement. Catherine I, Peter II, Princess Elizabeth with courtiers liked hunting elks, deer, foxes, hares and stuffed birds in Tsarskoye Selo.
In 1750-1752 according to the design of Rastrelli the hunting lands were fenced with the stone fence of 4.5 arshine (about 3.2 metres) instead of the wooden palisade. In the middles of the fence sides there were passages, two fronts crossed the Kuzminka River. So called Menagerie (Zverinets) line of the Upper hothouses, been here from 1722, bordered with the south-eastern front from the outside. According to rules of military engineering the engineer Pyetr Ostrovsky built four bulwarks crowned with lusthauses in the corners of the stone fence. Diagonal clearings which were begun at the Monbijow ground to the lusthauses. The Tsarskoye Selo Menagerie was used for presentations . According to the court ceremonial hunting for the diplomatic corps and other guests of high rank were organized in the Tsarskoye Selo Menagerie. Empress Elisabeth received ambassadors of France and Austria in the pavilion Monbijow that was richly decorated with pictures of hunting plots.
. Keeping wild animals in captivity, hunting and high perimeter fence was unacceptable for ideas of landscape parks which became popular and it changed the attitude to menageries. New landscape parks were often begun to create on these areas. The Alexander Park is one of example of this. During the rule of Catherine II, who herself was a lover of hunting, the hunting grounds were located in Tsarskoye Selo environments in forests on the Slavyanka River banks and then in Gatchina Town. Gradually the Menagerie fell into neglect and only in 1799 Emperor Paul I ordered to introduce order in the forest, to repair the Monbijow, the Menagerie roads and clearings, but works were stopped in 1801.
In 1803 Alexander I ordered to give a part of the Menagerie area for experiments of The Forestry School organized in Sophia Town. In March 1814 a gardening school or a nursery for trees, that were needed for planting on the vast territory of the creating Alexander Park, was opened. In addition to old clearings landscape roads and paths were paved in the Menagerie during 1819-1823. The east bulwark, surrounded with a ditch, was preserved and included in the new landscape composition of the park. The Menagerie wall and three bulwarks were knocked down, their places were laid out, ditches were filled up. Bricks and stones, remained after dismantling, were used for constructing new buildings: the White Tower, the Chapelle, the Farm group, the Menagerie line of Green Houses, pavilions for llamas and elephants. These pavilions served as the peculiar marking of the borders of the Menagerie territory. Alexander I, Emperor
Catherine I, Empress
Catherine II, Empress
Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress
Foсht I.
Ostrovsky, Pyetr
Paul (Pavel) I, Emperor
Peter I, Emperor
Rastrelli Francesco de
Roozen Yan
Pushkin, town

RADISHCHEV Alexander Nikolaevich (1749-1802, St. Petersburg), writer, court counsellor (1780). In 1762-66 he was educated in the Page Corps. For the next five years he studied at Leipzig University. In 1771-73 he served at the Senate, in 1773-75 he rendered military service. In 1777-80 he held a post in the Collegium of Commerce, to become the assistant director of St. Petersburg custom house in 1780 (the director of the custom house from 1790). In 1774 he frequented the meetings of Masonic lodge Urania. The 1780s came to be the time when his literary activity was the most intense. His works of that time include A Letter to a Friend Living in Tobolsk... (1782), written on the opening of the monument to Peter the Great (the Bronze Horseman), and ode Liberty (1781-83). In 1790 Radishchev published A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow at his home printing press with 650 copies. This book merges various genres and styles, while the journey of the narrator is interpreted as overcoming of social and moral maladies. Empress Catherine II took this book for an act of political assault, which undermined the basis of autocracy. By her order, Radishchev was put into St. Peter and Paul Fortress and condemned to death; later this was commuted to exile to Siberia. In 1796 he was released by order of Emperor Pavel l. After his amnesty in 1801 by Emperor Alexander I, Radishchev returned to St. Petersburg and worked at the Commission on Lawmaking. On the night of September 12 he committed suicide. He was buried at Volkovskoe Orthodox cemetery (the grave was not preserved; memorial plaque). In 1775-90 he occupied his own house at Gryaznaya Street (today 14 Marata Street; memorial plaque), in 1801-02 he lived at present-day 15 Mozhayskaya Street (the house was not preserved). The name of Radischev was attached to a street (former Preobrazhenskaya Street) and a lane (former Tserkovny Lane), as well as to a street in Pushkin and Tannery in St. Petersburg. In 1923-89 Preobrazhenskaya Square bore the name of Radischev.

References: Кулакова Л. И., Салита Е. Г., Западов В. А. Радищев в Петербурге. Л., 1976; Кочеткова Н. Д. Радищев и масоны // Рус. лит. 2000. №1. С. 103-107.

V. A. Kuznetsov, D.N. Cherdakov.

STAROV Ivan Egorovich (1745-1808, St. Petersburg), architect, city-planner, one of the founders of Russian Neoclassicism. Resided in St. Petersburg from 1758. Graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts (1762). Apprenticed with architect C. de Vaillie in Paris (1762-66). Associate academy member (1769), lecturer (professor since 1785), council member, from 1794 adjunct rector of the Academy of Fine Arts. Was involved with the Commission for Stone Construction for St. Petersburg and Moscow (1772-74), Chief Architect of the Urban Planning Bureau of His Imperial Majesty's houses and gardens (1786-98). Starov's constructions in St. Petersburg include: Holy Trinity Cathedral and Our Lady’s Church of Joy for All Who Sorrow (Gate Church) with a circular square in front of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra Entrance (1776-90), and Tauride Palace. Involved in the reconstruction of Anichkov Palace and was involved on the ensembles of Demidovs' mansions in the vicinity of St. Petersburg in Taitsi (from 1774) and Sivoritsi (1775-76), Pell's country residence of Empress Catherine II. In constructing mansions Starov managed to achieve harmonious unity between structure and landscape. Developed plans and construction projects of mansions and cities in Central and Southern Russia. From 1800, he exerted control over the construction of Kazan Cathedral. From 1772, lived on the Sixth Line of Vasilievsky Island; on Simeonovskaya (now Belinskogo) Street (section of what is now house No 9), later in his own house (section of No 1/30), from 1804, on Znamenskaya Street (now Vosstaniya Street, section of No 13), where he died. Buried at Lasarevskoe Cemetery (Necropolis of 18th century).

References: Кючарианц Д. А. Иван Старов. Л., 1982; Ее же. Иван Старов // Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга, XVIII век. СПб., 1997. С. 542-608.

V. A. Frolov.

In 1779 Empress Catherine II ordered to construct a factory for producing high quality paper, officially stamped paper and banknotes, on the dam of the 5-th Lower Pond, later these ponds were named Fabrichniye (Factory’s). The factory-mill was built in 1784-1785 according to the design and under the direction of F.V. Bauer, a St.Petersburg military hydraulic engineer. Masters and equipment for producing paper were brought from abroad. In the main stone building there was a water mill, used in the process of production paper, rooms for keeping it. The building was located right up to the dam in order to water from a sluice fall on the wheel of the mill placed in the cellar. A stone “cherpalnya” and wooden “sushilo” were located on a plot near. The territory was protected thoroughly, only specially appointed persons had the right to attend at working areas. The supervision of the mill was imposed on the councilor V. Nebolsin and a police officer. Houses for the factory manager, officials, workers and a team, protected the factory, as well as warehouses were located at the north-western side of the pond. In 1819 the Banknote factory was closed in connection with the founding of the Despatch Office of State Papers Provision, which used workers of the Tsarskoye Selo Banknote Factory. But the production of paper, converted for making wall-paper, still worked for a long time here. The Tsarskoye Selo Wall-paper Factory, founded on the base of the Imperial Wall-paper Factory, moved from Ropsha, occupied these building from 1819 until 1860. After closing the wall-paper production in the former factory building the Tsarskoye Selo Trade Woman Alms-house of Empress Maria Fiodorovna Establishments Board was placed.
A founded in 1872 orphan's home for keeping orphans and children of poor parents of all classes made its aim to prepare competent and trained to craft servants. In 1873-1878 the building was rebuilt and adjusted to a charity school according to the design of the architect A.F. Vidov. It was partially replanned and an additional three- flight stairs was constructed in the semicircular outbuilding from the yard side. In 1977 the former banknote factory was restored with displaying the original view of the façade, enclosed the perspective of the Catherine Park ponds, under the direction of the State Inspection for Monuments Protection architect B.A. Rosadeyev. Bauer Fedor Villimovich
Catherine II, Empress
Maria Fedorovna, Empress
Vidov Alexander Fomich

The town of Pushkin, the Catherine Park, the Great Lake.

Architect: Antonio Rinaldi (1709-1794)
Sculptor: I. Schwartz
It was built in 1771-1778
Materials: Olonets pink and white marble for the column stern with rostrums; Olonets gray marble for the pedestal; red marble for the base; Serdobolsk granite for the foundation; bronze for the eagle, spoils of war, bas-reliefs; brass for letters.


Inscriptions were made with letters on the plaque from the southern side of the foundation:
“In the memory of sea victories achieved in the archipelago between Asia and Chio Island on 24 June 1770 when ten Russian Navy ships and seven frigates under the heading of General Count Aleksey Orlov and Admiral Frigory Sviridov defeated and put to flight the Turkish Captain-Pasha Zhefir-bey with sixteen battleships. There were more than a hundred frigates, galleys, brigantines and small ships of the Turkish fleet.
All this fleet was burnt in the port of Chesma by Rear-Admiral Greyg with a sent squadron of the victorious fleet from 2 to 4 November of 1770 at the presence of Russian troops under the leadership of General Count Aleksey Orlov landed on Mitilina Island in the Mediterranean Sea. During putting in flight the enemy and capturing a suburb, the admiralty and surroundings the residuary of the Turkish Navy , two seventy cannons battleships and storehouse for different supplies and tacking , were burnt.
The monument was devoted to the victories of the Russian Navy Fleet in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 at Khios, Mitilina and especially the famous military event as burning the Turkish Fleet in the Chesma Bay on 25-26 June 1770. Episodes of the Chesma battle were painted by the painter F. Gakkert in the series of pictures ordered by Catherine II for the Great Peterhof Palace. A road palace near Petersburg was named the Chesma Palace. The Chesma Obelisk was erected in Gatchina in the estate of Count G.G. Orlov, a brother of the hero of Chesma battle. In the palace the Chesma Gallery was placed.
The construction of the foundation for the column erected in the center of the Great Lake in Tsarskoye Selo was done under the direction of the architect A.F. Vist. The water in the pond was let out. The sculptor details of the monument was made of bronze according to the sculptor I. Schwartz’s model. The column was decorated with six marble rostrums , symbols of sea victories. The monument was crowned with the bronze figure of an eagle , the symbol of speed, power and courage. On the foundation there are cast bronze high relieves picture: the battle of Khios , on the eastern side, and the battle of Chesma , on the northern side, and the battle of Mitilena Island , on the west side. The Chesma Column was poetized by A.S. Pushkin:

Over strong mossy rock
The monument was raised.
A young eagle with extended wings is landing there.
And heavy chains, and crushing arrows
Were wound three times round the menacing column
Around the foundation noising gray waves settled in bright foam.
During World War II the high relieves of the foundation were lost. They were restored in the 1990s.
The high of the monument is 14 metres. Catherine II, Empress
Orlov Grigory Grigorievich, Count
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich
Rinaldi Antonio
Wist Alexander Franzevich
Ekaterininsky Park/Pushkin, town Большой пруд

The first in Tsarskoye Selo a park entertaining pavilion Lusthaus, in the form of a octagonal balk wooden gallery, was built by the architect I.K. Ferster in 1723 just here, on an artificial island of the Great Pond. On the place of the Lusthaus in 1746-1748 the architect S.I. Chevakinsky built the Hall on the Island, the new rectangular pavilion, with rich Baroque interior and outside decoration which was changed more than once. The architect F.-B. Rastrelli and sculptors D.-B. Djani and G.-F. Partir worked here. Then G. Quarenghi introduced elemets of the Classical style into the pavilion architecture. He worked jointly with painters- decorators F. Danilov and A. della Jakoma. The Hall on the Island was intended for holding concerts and receptions. From the time of Catherine II a wind band sometimes played in here, the Empress liked listening to the music being in the Grotto pavilion. People were delivered to the island by a ferry, there were two ferry piers, or by boats. On present days in summer concerts are held in the pavilion where public is delivered by the ferry. Catherine II, Empress
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Foerster, I.K.
Giacoma, A. della
Partir, G.-F.
Quarenghi Giacomo
Rastrelli Francesco de

The Great and Little Caprice were built in 1772–1774 by the architect V.I. Neyelov and the engineer I. Gerard over the road led to the Great Tsarskoye Selo Palace. The road was named “Under Caprice road”. There are many legends concerning caprices. According to a legend the name is related with too large amount of money spent for building the constructions. Allegedly, looking through too large estimate for building two gates, the first one of big size with a Chinese summerhouse located on the top, and the second one of smaller size, Catherine II said, “Do it like this, it’s my caprice!”. Many ways are directed away from the Great Caprice not only to the park but to more distant places. Catherine II never informed her courtiers about routes of walks and trips in advance. According to another legend the construction was named “The Great Caprice” because of the Tsarina often did surprises for her courtiers, who went with her on a pleasure-trip without luggage and did not suppose that the Empress, passed the arch of the Great Caprice, could suddenly order to turn to Petersburg. Caprices formed the entrance in the Triangular Ground of the Catherine Palace as well as into Catherine and Alexander parks. At the same time caprices are grounds for viewing the remarkable ensemble of constructions in the Chinese style: the Creaking Chinese Summerhouse and the Chinese Village. Artificial ramp-banks went to both Caprices’ tops from both parks. It’s possible to cross from one park to another using the ramp-banks. Catherine II, Empress
Gerard Ivan (Johann Konrad) Kondratievich
Neelov Vasily Ivanovich
Quarenghi Giacomo
Pushkin, town

In the Tsarskoye Selo Palace of Tsarina Catherine Alexeyevna at first there was an camp private chapel of St. Catherine the Great Martyr. The main sight of this church was a carved iconostasis of dark blue colour. Building the palace church, being now, was begun in spring of 1746 to the design and under direction of S.I. Chevakinsky. The ceremonial laying of the Church of the Resurrection, performed by the Eminent Theodosius, Archbishop of Saint Petersburg and Schlusselburg, was been on 8 August of the same year in the presence of Empress Elisabeth, Heir Tsesarevich Pyetr Fiodorivich and his wife Catherine Alexeyevna. During bulding Elisabeth Petrovna ordered to remake a piece of done work and continue building under the direction of the chief-architect F.-B. Rastrelli.
Court painters G.-K. Grot, L. Karavak, B. Tarsia, I.Ya. Vishnyakov, A. Perezinotti were recruited to painting icons. In total in the church there were 114 icons, 59 of them were painted and 14 were corrected by famous icon-painter Fedot Kolokolnikov and Mina Kolokolnikov. The painting plafond with the image of the Ascension of Our Lord was painted by the painter G. Valeriani with assistants. Carving work was made by I.F. Dunker. The decoration of the interior was completed and Eminent Sylvester, Archbishop of Saint Petersburg and Schlusselburg, consecrated the Church of the Resurrection of Our Lord on 30 July in 1756 .
Religious services in the Palace Church of the Resurrection were performed by the court clergy during staying the Imperial court in Tsarskoye Selo. The Imperial retinue, ministers, diplomats, courtiers, officers of Life Guards regiments are present at the services. On Sundays and holidays the pupil of the Lyceum could be seen near Alexander I during liturgies.
The historian Karamzin with his family visited the church. Weddings of the Imperial family members and courtiers, christening of the Imperial family babies, who were born in Tsarskoye Selo, took place in the church. The future emperors Nicholas I and Nicholas II were among them. The church parish included the palace officials, lived in Tsarskoye Selo permanently. In 1917 public religious services were stopped and the church interior was included in the museum exposition.
The church interior had magnificent forms in the Baroque style. It was not subjected to considerable changes although the building experienced fires in 1820 and 1863. After the first fire the artist V.K. Shebuyev restored the lost in fire plafond, the church domes were restored to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov, their silhouettes were changed. The restoration of the original view of domes in the Baroque style were made by the architect A.F. Vidov after the second fire. During World War II the church inside decoration was plundered and got considerable damages, 97 icons were robbed, only some fragments were survived. After war restored repair of facades was made during 1957-1963 to the design of the architect A.A. Kedrinsky . But the church interior of the Palace Church has not been restored yet. Alexander I, Emperor
Catherine II, Empress
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Dunker Johann Franz
Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress
Grot, G.-K.
Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich
Kedrinsky Alexander Alexandrovich
Kvasov Andrey Vasilievich
Nicholas I, Emperor
Nicholas II, Emperor
Peter III, Emperor
Rastrelli Francesco de
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Tarsia, B.
Valeriani Giuseppe
Vidov Alexander Fomich

The Taitsi water supply system (TW) was the water supply system of Tsarskoye Selo built according to the order of Catherine II in 1772-1787 in exchange for the outweared Vittelevo water supply system. The military engineer F.V. Bauer was the main architect of the original design and so the water supply system was often named “Bauersky water supply system”. I.K. Gerard, E. Karboniyer (Karbonye) and P. Pozdeyev were also among engineers who took part in building the water supply system. The Taitsi water supply system was a gravity system of outside and underground channels with storage ponds and grottoes. This system was supplied with water from so called Hanniball or Soninsky springs located near the grange of Taitsi which belonged to A.G. Demidov since the 1770s. The Taitsi water channels extension was about fifteen kilometers. Walls and bottom of the water system was original wooden. In 1793 it was found out that the wooden casing of channels rotted through so in 1795-1799 it was reconstructed and the wooden casing was changed to stone facing. The reconstruction work was headed by I.K. Gerard. The Taitsi water supply system delivered more than 12.500 cubic metres of water per day to Tsarskoye Selo in summer time but in winter the supplying often decreased in 3-4 times. Firstly the Taitsi water supply system was intended for supplying the Tsarskoye Selo ponds and fountains but really it supplied with the water all population of Tsarskoye Selo, the town of Sophia, Pavlovsk. In the 1880s the Taitsi water supply system was used for creating the system of centralized water supplying system of Tsarskoye Selo (works were completed in 1887). Since 1905 when the Orlov pressure water supply system, which was supplied from the Orlovsky springs, was put into operation, the using of the Taitsi water supply system, for the supplying of the population by fresh water, was stopped. By that time the engineering state of the water supply system has already been inadequate and in the next tens years it fell out as a result of clogging up, destroying and being overgrown of channels. Single fragments of the water supply system can be seen at the present time. In the 1980s a group of enthusiasts made an unsuccessful attempt of restoring the Taitsi water supply system as a monument of engineering idea of the 18th century.
Literature: V.D. Dmitriyev “The Taitsi Water Supply System”, http://www.stroy-press.ru/print.php?id=7180
N.I. Falkovsky “The History of Water Supplying in Russia”, M., L., 1947, pages 115-118;
M.I. Pylyayev “The Forgotten Past of Saint Petersburg Environments”, SPb., 2006, p.
463
I.A. Krasnov, D.N. Starostin, A.S. Sukhorukova, Ye.D. Yukhneva “Water and the World: Essays on the history of water using.” Part 2: Water in Russia,. SPb., 2007, p-s 46-47
I. A. Krasnov Bauer Fedor Villimovich
Carbonnier (Carbonie), E.
Catherine II, Empress
Demidov Alexander Grigorievich
Gerard Ivan (Johann Konrad) Kondratievich
Pozdeyev, P.
Pavlovsk, town
Pushkin, town
София

A part of the area of the closed Wall-paper Factory with old barracks and director’s house, belonged to the Banknote Factory since 1780, was given for building the Town Council according to the Emperor’s order in 1859. The project of adaptation of the director’s house into the office and hall for public meetings of the Town Council with the inscription on the façade “The Tsarskoye Selo Town Council” was developed by I.A. Monighetti. The construction was directed by A.F. Vidov. In 1865 the Town Council was moved into a new building which was enlarged and overbuilt with the third floor. In 1901-1902 the building was replanned and enlarged once more to the design of A.R. Bakh. Meetings of temporary premises session of the circuit court and military presences, performances, concerts, charity lotteries were held in the Town Council hall. The assembly hall was decorated with bronze busts of owners of Tsarskoye Selo, empresses Catherine I and Catherine II, a portrait of Nicholas II completed the gallery of the emperors of the 19th century. In the anteroom there was a bust of the Governor of Tsarskoye Selo Artillery General Ya. V. Zakharzhevsky. Bach Alexander Romanovich
Catherine I, Empress
Catherine II, Empress
Luchini Giovanni (Ivan Franzevich)
Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich
Nicholas II, Emperor
Vidov Alexander Fomich
Zakharzhevsky, Ya.V.
Naberezhnaya Street/Pushkin, town

28 October. The dinner and masked ball in the honour of Prince Heinrich of Prussia was held by Catherine II in the Great Tsarskoye Selo Palace.
The Palace Quarter had a population of 1,178. Catherine II, Empress

March. Count Lois Philippe de Segur, a French diplomat, had visited Catherine II at Tsarskoye Selo and he wrote the brilliant memoirs about Russia having the part on his visit to Tsarskoye Selo.

Assignat Paper Factory was opened in Tsarskoye Selo at the lower dam of the Cascade Ponds.

The town self-administration was founded. The town assembly elected the city head, burgermeisters and ratmanns for 3 years, heads, judges of the words courts for one year. This structure acted until 1917. Catherine II, Empress
Segur Louis-Philippe de, Count

20 May. The Cathedral of St. Sophia, that was constructed by architects Ch. Cameron and I. Starov, was consecrated in the presence of Catherine II. Archpriest A.A. Samborsky became the first senior priest of the Cathedral. Cameron Charles
Catherine II, Empress
Samborsky Andrey Afanasievich
Starov Ivan Egorovich

"Office of Buildings of Tsarskoye Selo" and "Inherited Estate Administration" were united into the Tsarskoye Selo Office. It was subordinated to the Hof-Intendant Office from 1797.

May. G.R. Derzhavin wrote the poem " Walk at Sarskoye Selo" glorifying Tsarskoye Selo and the joy of existence.

1 June. G.R. Derzhavin visited, after the invitation of Catherine II, the Great Tsarskoye Selo Palace with Senior-Equerry L.A. Naryshkin, Prince G.A. Potiomkin, Count A.V. Suvorov-Rymninsky, Count S. P. Rumyantsev .

12 December. G.R. Derzhavin was appointed the private secretary of state of Catherine II. He has the personal study at the Tsarskoye Selo Palace but he lived in the Chinese Village where there was, according to words of the poet I.I. Dmitriyev, "Refuge of secretaries of the Empress". Catherine II, Empress
Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich
Dmitriev Ivan Ivanovich
Naryshkin Lev Alexandrovich
Potemkin Grigory Alexandrovich, Gracious Prince of Tauride
Rumyantsev Sergey Petrovich
Suvorov Alexander Arkadievich, Count

May. Poem "Cupid and Psychea" of G.R.Derzhavin, adapted for the music by the court musician V.A. Pashkevich, in honour of the betrothal of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich with Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alekseyevna, Princess of Baden, was performed at the Cameron Gallery.

The summer. Every day for two hours G.R.Derzhavin red to Catherine II documents on the case of I.V. Yakobi, the Governor of Irkutsk City, who was accused of some military provocation. G.R.Derzhavin was victorious of this case and Yakobi was recognized innocent but the poet G.R.Derzhavin lost his honour position soon. Alexander I, Emperor
Catherine II, Empress
Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich
Elizaveta Alexeevna, Empress
Pashkevich Vasily Alexeevich