The sign of the cascade is two round narrowed upwards Gothic towers with red brick facades. Lancet windows, narrow slit-embrasures, merlon parapets give to the cascade the appearance of the fortress construction. It is explaned the second name of the construction in the memory of victories in the Russo-Turkish War. Cascade was built in the 1770s to the design of the architect I.G. Gerard. The cascade included three small dams which did not make possible water to flow down the relief slope too quickly. Upstream of a channel from the Upper Ponds to the Swam Ponds, on the Ramp Alley, the Pudost Bridge or “merlon dam” was built, the “Moss-grown rock” or “Wild hill weir-bridge” was constructed above it using tofus and limestones. The landscape architectural decorative design and “silver rapids” of crystal-clear Taitsi water flown down steps of the dam did the Red Cascade one of the most impressive park constructions. Gerard Ivan (Johann Konrad) Kondratievich

Emperor Alexander II ordered to build different entertaining constructions for his children near his apartments in the Catherine Palace. The most famous construction was the Small Farm of Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. The Small Farm is often mistakenly connected with the Alexander Park, but in reality it was situated in the Private Garden of the Catherine Park not far from the Concert Hall. The miniature ensemble included two loghouses, a cow-shed, poultry-yard and ice –house. This pastoral park complex, a tiny copy of a real cattle – yard, was built by I. Monighetti in 1861 for Alexander II’s older daughter. Facades, interiors, furniture and utensils were made in Russian style with using folk ornamental motifs in the decoration. A toy railway , with tunnels and bridges, led to a port on the Upper Pond shore, was constructed near the Small Farm in the open air later. Then a bowling-alley and sport ground were built for Alexander’s children. The Small Farm pavilion was destroyed during the German occupation in 1941-1944. Alexander II, Emperor
Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich

The East architecture touches and the name of the Turkish Bath pavilion, occupying the foreground in the Great Pond panorama, remember about the Adrianople Peace treaty with Turkey in 1829. The pavilion was erected on the order of Emperor Nicholas I in 1850-1852 according to the design of I. Monighetti. 37.838 Rubles were required on the architect’s estimate for building according to the imperial ordered design. But the Emperor allocated only 30.000 Rubles for building and he ordered to Monighetti to “dodge”. Monighetti fulfilled the Imperial command, he gave the work order , for the specified sum, to the Italian architect Kamutstsi. The pavilion never used as a bath, it was a typical park pavilion for resting. The pavilion suitably completed Catherine’s tradition of constructing monuments of the battle glory in the Catherine Park. A peaked small tower with a crescent, remembered minaret, the main dome, the entrance like a niche-mihrab make the pavilion looking like a mosque. The dome was decorated with relief planer pattern, made of gilded copper, framing the round many-coloured windows. Inside there are many-coloured encrustations made of natural and artificial marble, stalactite pattern, bright marble mosaic with an eastern pattern, a marble basin of the fountain in the center of the hall, carved Olonets marble attracting the attention. The original details of the marble decoration of a Turkish sultaness bath, brought to the Emperor from Adrianople as trophies, were used in decorating the interior. Marble plaques with Turkish ligature signs, murmurous “fountains of tears” , placed on walls, bring Turkish motifs into the Mauritanian style of the decoration. Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich
Nicholas I, Emperor

The town of Pushkin. The Catherine Park, near the Ramp Alley and the Gatchina Gate.

Architect: Yury Matveyevich Velten (1730-1801)
Painter: Aleksey Ivanovich Belsky (1726-1796)
The Tower Ruin was constructed in 1771-1773.

Materials: brick, plaster, wall-painting al fresco was used for the tower, Serdobol granite was used for the socle, Pudost stone was used for the archivolt, white marble was used for the the key-stone with the inscription.

The inscription was carved on the key-stone with the Old-Russian letters:
In memory of the war declared on Russia by the Turks, this stone was set in place in 1768.

The monumental construction is the huge Doric column, coreless inside, with the abacus used as a view ground. The wall as a ramp, marked with a blind semicircular arch from the northern side, joins to the tower from the eastern side. In the key-stone there is a marble block with the inscription remembered about the beginning of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. The construction work was done under supervising of the architect assistant I.M. Sitnikov from 3 June 1771 to the end of building season in 1773. Outside walls were painted by A.I. Belsky, with carving the plaster and cracks for the imitation of the destroying of the brickwork. Depicting of the Tower Ruin became one of the popular plots of the Tsarskoye Selo landscapes. The restoration of the pavilion-monument done during many years was finished in 2006.

The high of the monument is 21 metres. Belsky, Aleksey Ivanovich
Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich
Sitnikov, I.M.
Ekaterininsky Park/Pushkin, town вблизи Рамповой аллеи и Гатчинских ворот

The Emperor Own Railway branch line and a wooden railway station pavilion, intended for supplying an imperial residence in the Alexander Palace, was constructed in 1895 for safeguarding Emperor Nicholas II. The railway station, to which the road from the Alexander Palace was built across the park, was located to the north of the Alexander Palace on the former agricultural lands of the village of Bolshoye Kuzmino. The railway lines from it run to the Warsaw (Varshavsky) and Tsarskoye Selo railway lines. All building work on constructing the Own railway branch line was done by the Moscow-Vindavo-Rybinsk Railway Company. In 1911 the first railway station pavilion was burned and its place in 1912 the new building in the Old Russian architecture style was built to the design of the architect V.A. Pokrovsky. The Russian state symbolism – double-headed eagles, cities’ coats of arms, heraldic plots, Old Russians ornamental patterns – were used in decoration of the railway station. Sketches of the interiors’ paintings were done by the artist M.I. Kurilko. The design of the Emperor Railway Station in Saint Petersburg, erected in 1902 by the architect S.A. Brzhozovsky, exerted influence on the planning and construction design. The arch porch with hipped roof, decorated in the foundation with two rows of kokoshniks and crowned with the state double-headed eagle, stood out against the main façade appearance. The main interiors were stylized like chambers with ponderous stone vaults. In the center there was an entrance hall, the Tsar’s hall from the southern side and the Retinue hall from the northern side were intended for the Head of the State and his retinue. A metal landing-stage over the platform and railway tracks , used for receiving trains (it was dismantled in the 1920s), adjoined to the eastern façade of the railway station. The attic under the high roof was equipped with a system of forced-air heating. The rich decoration of facades of facades and interiors corresponded to the ceremonial and representative destination of the railway station, being a model of synthesis of architecture, monumental painting and arts and crafts, in which the Old Russian architecture forms of the 17th century were well harmonized with building technologies and materials which were typical for the Modernist style epoch. Here official representatives of foreign states, visited the emperor residence in Tsarskoye Selo, were met, the President of France R. Poincare visited the residence in 1914. During 1914 – 1917 in the period of World War I the Tsar’s pavilion was used for delivering wounded soldiers into a hospital opened in the Fiodorovsky Gorodok. In 1918 the Tsar’s pavilion was named the Uritsky pavilion and used firstly as a dormitory for workers of the Railway Repair and Engineering Works, opened on the base of an imperial railway depot (“Remputmash”), then a dormitory of the Agriculture Institute was placed here, it was settled apart in the 1970s. The building has survived until the present time (35b Akademichesky Prospekt), but now it is in the emergency state. Nicholas II, Emperor
Pokrovsky Vladimir Alexandrovich

The Tsarskoye Selo Women College of the Saint Petersburg eparchy department was founded according to the Emperor order by Grande Duchess Olga Nikolayevna, later the Queen of Württemberg. The college opening took place on 22 October 1843 in the presence of all tsar’s family firstly in renting stone house of the Full State Councilor Obolensky (it was built in the 1820s according to the design of V.P. Stasov and V.P. Geste). The college was conceived as the exemplary one and was under the patronage of Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna and under the trusteeship of Grand Duchess Olga Nikolayevna. Later tens women religious colleges were founded per its sample in different places of the Russian Empire.
In 1846 the college was granted by the Emperor a plot of 4 desyatinas (11 acres) of the palace land - the garden of the School Gardening establishment at the Kuzmisky Gate. Until 1917 it was used for kitchen garden and meadow as well as for pupils walking and named “pepiniere” (now it is the garden near the Monument to A.S. Pushkin).
The former house of Obolensky, bought in the college ownership, was enlarged and rebuilt for educational aims in 1847-1851 according to the design of the architect D.Ye. Yefimov. A domestic chapel, consecrated in the honour of the Intercession of the Mother of God by Metropolitan of Saint Petersburg and Novgorod Nicanor in 1849, was constructed in the building. At the corner from the side of the Alexander Park a garden was laid out, it was surrounded with the fence on the stone foundation and with massive posts.
In 1881-1883 in the connection of the increase in the number of the college staff the building was overbuilt with the third floor and enlarged to the yard side according to the design and under the direction of A.F. Vidov. The engineering equipment was made at the plant of San-Galli.
All tsar family often spent the time among the college pupils, attended at public services in the domestic chapel, visited the college kitchen garden – “pepiniere”. The Tsesarevna and then Empress Maria Fiodorovna was the last august trustee since 1879, Emperor Alexander III often was here.
In the honour of the Tercentenary of the House of the Romanovs the eparchy department supposed to transform the college into a theological-pedagogical institute. For this aim in 1916 the civil engineer A. Pavlov developed a design of enlarging the building up to Tserkovnaya Street, where at the corner there was a two-storied house bought from A.P. Merder, the principal of the college. In 1916-1917 the college garden – “pepiniere” supposed to allot for constructing the Institute of Experimental Surgery to the design of S.A. Danini. However these projects had been not had time to finish in the connection of the events of 1917. After 1918 the college and chapel was liquidated, the building has been used for a school until the present time. Alexander III, Emperor
Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress
Danini Silvio Amvrosievich
Efimov Dmitry Egorovich
Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William)
Maria Fedorovna, Empress
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Vidov Alexander Fomich
Dvortsovaya Street/Pushkin, town
Moskovskaya Street/Pushkin, town

A long building is the compositional key point in the layout of the imperial estate and the central part of the town, it occupies the plot between Pevchesky (now it is Litseysky) Lane and Leontyevskaya Street. It is one of the oldest buildings in Tsarskoye Selo. The building was built in 1744 to the design of the architect S.I. Chevakinsky. An estate office and building office of Tsarskoye Selo, palace cellars with ice-rooms, apartments of courtiers, guard-masters chambers, store-rooms were placed in this building. The Srefnyaya Street direction was fixed by its façade place. Later on, a part of the office building was demolished during the laying of Leontyevskaya Street according to V.I. Geste’s project.
In 1810 V.I. Geste partly rebuilt the south-eastern wing of the office building and built a portico with pediment at the main façade, belonged to the best samples of the architect creativity. The building composition is close to the standard design of government and administrative buildings of the Alexander classicism epoch. The pediment tympanum was decorated by a bas-relief with the Tsarskoye Selo Emblem, the architrave was decorated by the metal plaque with the inscription “The Palace Board”. Over the entrance in the portico deep there was a bas-relief with the date “1817” meant the year when the Office of the Chief Governor of the palace board and Tsarskoye Selo Town was established. The palace board office was placed here until 1917.
The north-western wing from the side of Pevchesky Lane was reconstructed according to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov in 1825 for the needs of archives, an exerzier-room for keeping the ammunition, the repair of the cellars with ice-rooms was made. Later this wing was overbuilt with the second floor, at that the architectural design of S.I. Chevakinsky was used in the design of the façade. As the result of reconstructions the single whole building looks like one consisted of three adjoining each other buildings.
Until 1917 tickets for visiting the Tsarskoye Selo Palace and parks were given in the palace board office. After the nationalization of the imperial property in 1918 the Tsarskoye Selo Board was liquidated, its archive was transferred into the state depository: the Russian State Historic Archives. Office and archive rooms, enlarged from the side of the yard, were occupied by a town library, other parts of the buildings were used as apartments and a printing-house. The Tsarskoye Selo Emblem placed on the pediment was knocked down. At the present time rooms were used by many organizations. Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William)
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town
Litseisky Lane/Pushkin, town
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town

This building with the early Classical style facades, originally named “the bathing place for members of the Imperial family”, was built in 1777-1779 by the architect I.V. Neyelov. The location of the pavilion on the third upper terrace of the Old Garden let to include the pavilion in the panorama of the Mirror Pond and the Half-Moon Pond and the Cameron Gallery. The well-decorated interior was painted by the painter – decorator A.I. Belsky with fresco scenes of the attic myth about Phaethon and Helios. Engravings, based on the drawings of F. Smuglevich and V. Brenna which was done from Emperor Nero’s Golden House paintings in Rome, were used for frescos’ basis. Inside there was a cloakroom, sweating-room, bathroom, room of a boiler-man. All rooms were not large. The central octahedral hall was used for resting.
The first museum of Tsarskoye Selo was opened here in 1910 for the 200-years anniversary of Tsarskoye Selo. Since that year pavilion became to name the Upper Bath, it was likely considered more euphonic than “mylnya (wash-house)”. The building was burned during World War II and the fascists occupation of Pushkin Town in 1941-1944. The restoration and renewal were done in 1952-1954 to the design of the architect S.M. Novopolsky. The artist A.M. Treskin restored the lost painting of interiors. Belsky, Aleksey Ivanovich
Brenna, V.
Neelov Ilya Vasilievich
Novopolsky, S.M.
Novopoltsev, S.M.
Treskin, A.M.

The Tsarskoye Selo Woman Gymnasium of the Ministry of People’s Education was founded in 1904. Firstly it was placed in a tenancy house at the corner of Magazeinaya Street and Konyushennaya Street. There were eight basic classes and one preparing class with the payment 100 Rb per year for the education. Furthermore its budget included benefits from the Ministry of People’s Education, the Town Council and Uezd zemstvo organization. A plot from the Material yard was given for constructing the building. The project “in the Empire style”, developed by A.R. Bach in 1909, was approved by the Emperor on 2 June 1910. Constructing was begun on 1 May 1912 completed on 1 September 1913. The Ministry of People’s Education allocated money for building in the sum of 202,500 Rb.
In 1950s as a result of the restoring repair of the war damages of the façade were annihilated the moulding monograms of Emperor Nicholas II, busts of Athena and Apollo, moulding shells in arch bays of porticos. The attic with the inspiration “The Tsarskoye Selo Woman Gymnasium of the Ministry of People’s Education” was changed by the triangular pediment. Bach Alexander Romanovich
Pushkinskaya Street/Pushkin, town

A memorial devoted to Pushin Town citizens , heroes of the USSR, participants of World War II, was unveiled in October Boulevard in Pushkin Town in May 2005. Authors: a working group of the Pushkin District Administration. * Literature: Oktyabrsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town

TSARSKOE SELO (Pushkin town), a monument of town-planning and a palace and park ensemble dating from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. The core of the ensemble is the estate of Empress Catherine I Sarskaya Myza (founded in 1710). To the north of the Catherine Palace, is the Church of the Holy Sign (1734-46, architects M.Y. Blank, M.G. Zemtsov). In 1752-53, the ensemble of "cavaliers' houses" (4, 6, 10, 12 Sadovaya Street; architect S.I. Chevakinsky) was developed along the north fence of the Catherine Park and Lower Stables (building 18, 20; 1756-62, architects F. Rastrelli, Chevakinsky), Hothouses (building 14; 1750s, architect Rastrelli; reconstructed in 1820-28 by architect V.P. Stasov) and the so-called "stables of the horses on duty" (building 8; 1822-24, architect Stasov) were adjoined to the ensemble. In the middle of the 18th century, the development of the territory continued along Litseisky Lane (building 5 - choristers' wing, 1752-53) and Srednaya Street (building 1 and 3 - houses of the Palace Administration, 1744) - all designed by Chevakinsky. The formation of the palace settlement was interrupted in 1783, when the place for the new town Sofia was chosen to the south-east of the Catherine Park; its plan (architect C. Cameron) was to become a model for all major provincial towns of the Russian Empire. But the project was not implemented to the full and in 1808 the town was abolished (the Holy Wisdom Cathedral and Kazanskoe Cemetery have preserved); later, the territory was built up with quarters and barracks where the Life Guard Hussar Regiment, Riflemen Regiment, Cuirassier Regiment and Artillery School were quartered. The planning of Tsarskoe Selo features regular lay-out formed by perpendicular streets. The centre is the rectangular Sobornaya Square (1808, architect V.I. Hastie) with facades of the Municipal Government and Fire Department (28, 32 Leontyevskaya Street; 1821, architects V.I. Hastie, V.P. Stasov) and Gostiny dvor (25 Moskovskaya Street; 1863-66, architect N.S. Nikitin). St. Catherine's Cathedral (1835-40, architect K.A. Ton) was demolished in 1939. Until the early 20th century, the development was confined to Bulvarnaya Street (today Oktyabrsky Boulevard). The considerable part of Tsarskoe Selo is occupied with the Catherine Park, Alexander Park, Babolovsky Park, Separate Park with Colonists' Pond (along Pavlovskoe Freeway, laid out in 1824-25, architect A.A. Menelas; 1839-47, masters F.F. Lyamin, I.F. Piper; partially replanned in the mid-19th century by architect A.F. Vidov and in the early 20 century by architect S.A. Danini), and Lyceum Garden (1819, architect A.A. Menelas, replanned in 1849, architect D.E. Efimov) with the monument to Alexander Pushkin (1900, sculptor R.P. Bach), the summer residence of M.V. Kochubey (Spare, or Vladimirsky Palace) at 22 Sadovaya Street (1817-18, architect Stasov); the summer residence of Z.I. Yusupova (10-12 Pavlovskoe Freeway; 1856-59, architect I.A. Monighetti), the summer residence of Grand Prince Boris Vladimirovich (11 Moskovskoe Freeway; 1896-97, Maple English firm; 1899, architect A.I. von Gogen). In the early 20th century, in the north of Tsarskoe Selo (Akademichesky Avenue) an ensemble was created that included Feodorovsky Settlement; the Imperial garages (1906-07, architect S.A. Danini, 1913-15, architect A.K. Minyaev); quarters of His Imperial Majesty Escort (1916, architect V.N. Maximov); Tsar's Pavilion of the railway station (1912, architect V.A. Pokrovsky). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the ensemble of Tsarskoe Selo suffered severe damage. In the course of post-war restoration work, main constituents and focuses of pre-revolutionary architecture have been preserved.

References: Ласточкин С. Я., Рубежанский Ю. Ф. Царское Село - резиденция российских монархов: Архит. и воен.-ист. очерк. 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. СПб., 2000.

Y. M. Piryutko. Blank Ivan (Jogann)Yakovlevich
Cameron Charles
Catherine I, Empress
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich
Rastrelli Francesco de
Stasov Vasily Petrovich
Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich
Akademichesky Avenue/Pushkin, town
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 32
Leontievskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 28
Litseisky Lane/Pushkin, town, house 5
Moskovskaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 25
Moskovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 11
Oktyabrsky Boulevard/Pushkin, town
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 10
Pavlovskoe Freeway/Pushkin, town, house 12
Pushkin, town
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 22
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 6
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 4
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 18
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 14
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 12
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 8
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 20
Sadovaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 10
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 3
Srednaya Street/Pushkin, town, house 1

The rich house of the Marshal of the Nobility Count V.V. Gudovich was faced the Catherine Park. It was built in the Modernist style in 1905-1906 to the design of S.A. Danini and consolidated some historic houses and grounds. In the middle of the 19th century the large estate of Countess Ye.I. Orlova-Denisova with the garden and two wooden houses was located at this place. Gudovich’s house was designed as an estate mansion and included living and service wings (only two ones were survived) as well as a garden. Facades were designed in the style of English cottages like a country house of Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich. Radomsky sandstone, granite, red and white facing brick, timber- framing, clay tile were used for decoration alongside with plaster. The fence with wavy contour stone figured posts , which are typical for the modernist style, was constructed by R.F. Meltser. Danini Silvio Amvrosievich
Orlova-Denisova, Ye.I., countess
Parkovaya Street/Pushkin, town

Two first areas, laid out by A.F. Vidov in 1855 for six country plots on the Separated Park territory, were granted by Emperor Alexander II for building Princess Z.I. Yusupova’s villa. The villa was built for the owner’s money in 1856-1859 to the design of the architect I. Monighetti , that was partly changed during the works. The mansion, gardener’s house and the pond are survived until the present time in. Wrought iron wings of the gate on the villa’s territory from Pavlovsk Road were decorated with the monogram “Z Yu”. Later the most considerable works were done during the 1890s – 1910s, when the villa belonged to Countess Sumarokova-Elston Princess Z.N. Yusupova and was used the most actively. The architectural design of the mansion was made on motifs of Italian villas. Facades of the mansion were decorated in the Baroque style forms which remembered the decoration of the Hermitage pavilion in the Catherine Park. Placing a kitchen and rooms for servants in a wing, joining to the main house, was made like in the Babolovo Palace. Alexander II, Emperor
Monighetti Ippolito Antonovich
Vidov Alexander Fomich